Abstract
Foliar diseases of maize cause severe economic losses in India and around the world. The increasing severity of maize leaf blight (MLB) over the past ten years necessitates rigorous identification and characterization of MLB-causing pathogens from different maize production zones to ensure the success of resistance breeding programs and the selection of appropriate disease management strategies. Although Bipolaris maydis is the primary pathogen causing MLB in India, other related genera such as Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum, and a taxonomically distant genus, Alternaria, are known to infect maize in other countries. To investigate the diversity of pathogens associated with MLB in India, 350 symptomatic leaf samples were collected between 2016 and 2018, from 20 MLB hotspots in nine states representing six ecological zones where maize is grown in India. Twenty representative fungal isolates causing MLB symptoms were characterized based on cultural, pathogenic, and molecular variability. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) gene sequence-based phylogenies showed that the majority of isolates (13/20) were Bipolaris maydis. There were also two Curvularia papendorfii isolates, and one isolate each of Bipolaris zeicola, Curvularia siddiquii, Curvularia sporobolicola, an unknown Curvularia sp. isolate phylogenetically close to C. graminicola, and an Alternaria sp. isolate. The B. zeicola, the aforesaid four Curvularia species, and the Alternaria sp. are the first reports of these fungi causing MLB in India. Pathogenicity tests on maize plants showed that isolates identified as Curvularia spp. and Alternaria sp. generally caused more severe MLB symptoms than those identified as Bipolaris spp. The diversity of fungi causing MLB, types of lesions, and variation in disease severity by different isolates described in this study provide baseline information for further investigations on MLB disease distribution, diagnosis, and management in India.
Highlights
This article is an open access articleMaize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop in India and ranks third in production after wheat and rice [1]
A total of 350 symptomatic maize leaf samples showing maize leaf blight (MLB)like symptoms were collected from 20 hotspots representing six agro-ecological zones under maize production during survey and surveillance visits during the Kharif seasons (June–October) in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 (Supplementary Material: Figure S1)
In the global climate change scenario, it is very important to examine the trends in yield losses and the severity of MLB on the crop within different cropping zones
Summary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop in India and ranks third in production after wheat and rice [1]. Among the 35 diseases affecting crop health, viz. Seedling blights, root and stalk rots, foliar diseases, and ear rots, maize leaf blight (MLB). Caused by Bipolaris maydis [(Nisikado& Miyake) Shoem] is one of the major diseases of maize [1,2]. This disease has been detected in almost all maize growing areas of India [3]. In India, MLB occurs in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra [3]
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