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Abstract
The landfill waste of leached ore residue represents a serious environmental risk and may also negatively affect the appearance, growth and development of vegetation. Here we focused on the evaluation of functional traits of selected plant species Populus alba, Calamagrostis epigejos, and Diplotaxis muralis growing in an unfavourable environment. We determined different adaptive strategies of selected species to extreme conditions. For Diplotaxis muralis the highest values of the leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and the lowest values of the specific leaf area (SLA) were determined, while for Calamagrostis epigejos these two traits correlated in opposite directions. Populus alba reached the lowest value of the water saturation deficit (WSD), suggesting that this species was most affected by soil water deficiency. The leaf water content (LWC) correlated negatively with the LDMC and positively with the SLA (narrow leaf blade). Although each plant species belongs to a different strategic group (therophyte, hemicryptophyte and phanerophyte in the juvenile stage), they are all very plastic and therefore suitable for remediation. Despite the unfavourable conditions, selected plant species were able to adapt to poor conditions and form more or less vital populations, which indicate the revegetation as a key measure for remediation of landfill waste from nickel smelter.
Highlights
Industrial activities leave unwanted traces in the surrounding territory and have a severe impact on the environment
The Diplotaxis muralis had the highest average values of specific leaf area (SLA) of 148.7 cm2·g−1, the Calamagrostis epigejos followed with an average value of 130.77 cm2·g−1 and the lowest values were found for the Populus alba 98.7 cm2·g−1 (Figure 6)
In terms of functional groups, according to the values shown in Figure 6, we could include the species Calamagrostis epigejos and Diplotaxis muralis in one group and the Populus alba in another group
Summary
Industrial activities leave unwanted traces in the surrounding territory and have a severe impact on the environment. Various methods have been used worldwide for the remediation of contaminated sites: isolation and stabilization of geochemically transformed elements [5,6,7], using natural alkaline material [8], covering of mine tailings by using inert materials [9], soil washing [10], electrokinetic remediation [11], microbiological methods [12] and many others These technologies can be successful but generally require several specific processes, which take a long time. Revegetation is a low-cost measure based on the use of naturally occurring plants to cover mining sites to not allow a release of heavy metals from mining waste into surrounding soil, groundwater and air by creating natural surface biomass layer as well as a branched root system Thanks to this plant cover, water and wind erosion are prevented, rhizosphere properties can be improved and the landfill can be gradually revitalized [13]
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