Abstract
The mechanisms that govern the application of noninvasive functional electrical stimulation (FES) have been delineated and clearly described in numerous evidenced-based research publications. The aim of this review is to summarize the primary, multi-system effects of noninvasive FES on the musculoskeletal system, the peripheral vascular system, and the central nervous systems. The presentation will relate these effects to multiple efficacious clinical studies in neuro-rehabilitation. The presentation will include discussion of the latest technological advancement in wearable FES systems and their critical role in achieving functional recovery following damage to the brain. The presentation will also offer an advanced practice model guided by the latest trend in the medical field focusing on patient-centered, personalized intervention.
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