Abstract
Andrographis paniculata is an important traditional medicinal herb in South and Southeast Asian countries with diverse pharmacological activities that contains various flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation can transform aglycones into more stable, biologically active and structurally diverse glycosides. Here, we report three glycosyltransferases from the leaves of A. paniculata (ApUFGTs) that presented wide substrate spectra for flavonoid glycosylation and exhibited multi-site glycosylation on the substrate molecules. They acted on the 7-OH position of the A ring and were able to glycosylate several other different types of compounds. The biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis of these glycosyltransferases were also investigated. This study provides a basis for further research on the cloning of genes involved in glycosylation from A. paniculata and offers opportunities for enhancing flavonoid glycoside production in heterologous hosts. These enzymes are expected to become effective tools for drug discovery and for the biosynthesis of derivatives via flavonoid glycosylation.
Highlights
Andrographis paniculata has various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory [1], antihyperglycaemic [2,3], hepatoprotective [4,5], anti-cancer [6,7], antihyperlipidaemic& 2019 The Authors
[7,8], antioxidant [9,10], antimicrobial [11 –13] and antiparasitic activities [14]. It is one of the most 2 commonly used traditional medicinal herbs in South and Southeast Asian countries and has great potential for further applications [15,16,17]. Flavonoids and their glycosides are among the predominant secondary metabolites in A. paniculata and have a basic benzopyran ring nucleus skeleton formed by a part of the phenylpropanoid metabolism network [18,19,20,21,22,23,24]
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the pharmacological activities of flavonoid glycosides from A. paniculata including antiplatelet and antiproliferative activities, which offered opportunities for further development and clinical application of this herb [15,16,17]
Summary
Andrographis paniculata has various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory [1], antihyperglycaemic [2,3], hepatoprotective [4,5], anti-cancer [6,7], antihyperlipidaemic& 2019 The Authors. [7,8], antioxidant [9,10], antimicrobial [11 –13] and antiparasitic activities [14] It is one of the most 2 commonly used traditional medicinal herbs in South and Southeast Asian countries and has great potential for further applications [15,16,17]. Flavonoids and their glycosides are among the predominant secondary metabolites in A. paniculata and have a basic benzopyran ring nucleus skeleton formed by a part of the phenylpropanoid metabolism network [18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The chemical glycosylation reactions have some limitations, such as redundant side reactions and intermediates, poor regio- and stereoselectivities, low yields, limited solvent compatibility, complicated extraction and separation as well as tedious protection –deprotection steps [33,34,35,36]
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