Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial and multisystem condition, often without specific signs, that significantly impacts global health as a leading cause of morbidity and premature death. Defined by major guidelines as a systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg or diastolic pressure >80 mmHg, hypertension is highly prevalent, affecting approximately 30% of adults globally. Age-related incidence varies, with younger individuals showing higher prevalence in males, while this trend reverses post-65. This condition stems from complex interplays among genetics, environmental factors, and physiological changes. Despite vast research, in 95% of cases, no direct cause is identified (primary hypertension). High blood pressure poses risks for heart failure, ischemic heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and dementia, with elevated blood pressure linked to vascular dysfunction, renal issues, and immune responses that promote inflammation and target-organ damage. The condition is also characterized by oxidative stress, where excess oxidants lead to cellular damage and impact vascular health. This chapter reviews the current understanding of hypertension, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and innovative diagnostic and management approaches relevant to healthcare providers.
Published Version
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