Abstract
Soils in Germany are commonly low in selenium; consequently, a sufficient dietary supply is not always ensured. The extent of such provision adequacy is estimated by the optimal effect range of biomarkers, which often reflects the physiological requirement. Preceding epidemiological studies indicate that low selenium serum concentrations could be related to cardiovascular diseases. Inter alia, risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are physical inactivity, overweight, as well as disadvantageous eating habits. In order to assess whether these risk factors can be modulated, a cardio-protective diet comprising fixed menu plans combined with physical exercise was applied in the German MoKaRi (modulation of cardiovascular risk factors) intervention study. We analyzed serum samples of the MoKaRi cohort (51 participants) for total selenium, GPx activity, and selenoprotein P at different timepoints of the study (0, 10, 20, 40 weeks) to explore the suitability of these selenium-associated markers as indicators of selenium status. Overall, the time-dependent fluctuations in serum selenium concentration suggest a successful change in nutritional and lifestyle behavior. Compared to baseline, a pronounced increase in GPx activity and selenoprotein P was observed, while serum selenium decreased in participants with initially adequate serum selenium content. SELENOP concentration showed a moderate positive monotonic correlation (r = 0.467, p < 0.0001) to total Se concentration, while only a weak linear relationship was observed for GPx activity versus total Se concentration (r = 0.186, p = 0.021). Evidently, other factors apart from the available Se pool must have an impact on the GPx activity, leading to the conclusion that, without having identified these factors, GPx activity should not be used as a status marker for Se.
Highlights
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and is required for the synthesis of selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx), thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD), iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO), as well as the transport protein selenoprotein P (SELENOP) [1,2,3]
Blood serum of 51 participants of the MoKaRi cohort was analyzed for total selenium (Figure 1)
A status marker for a particular nutrient such as Se responds to changes in the supplementation in a proportional manner and reflects the coverage of any physiological requirements (= effect biomarker) [48]
Summary
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and is required for the synthesis of selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx), thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD), iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO), as well as the transport protein selenoprotein P (SELENOP) [1,2,3]. Sources of Se include cereals, nuts and especially meat, but their Se content greatly differs depending on where they originate from [4,5,6]. Nutrients 2020, 12, 676 both contributing to the metabolically available Se pool. The nutritional status describes the amount of a nutrient ingested by an individual, and how it is retained and metabolized in the human body [4]. The ideal status marker for a particular nutrient responds to changes in the supply in a proportional manner [7]. In case of Se, the circulating Se content in plasma consists of the extracellular selenoproteins
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