Fumarolic and diffuse soil degassing west of Mount Epomeo, Ischia, Italy

Abstract

Fumarolic fluid compositions and diffuse soil emissions of hydrothermal fluids of the Donna Rachele area (0.86 km 2, western flank of Mt. Epomeo, Ischia Island) have been studied in order to develop a conceptual geochemical model of the hydrothermal system. The degassing area was mapped and the total release of hydrothermal gas and heat associated with the diffuse emission of hydrothermal fluids was estimated. A mesostructural study was carried out in order to investigate the relations between the brittle structures and the main pathways of the uprising vapor. The fumarolic compositions are typical of hydrothermal fluids and water (>99%) represents the major component. All gas species in the H 2O–H 2–CO–CH 4–CO 2–H 2S system are close to equilibrium concentrations at temperatures of ∼300°C and at redox conditions slightly more oxidizing than expected. The compositions of the Donna Rachele fumarolic gas approach the pure liquid equilibrium composition. This indicates a high fraction of separated vapor and suggests the presence of a highly energetic hydrothermal system at depth. The pure liquid equilibrium compositions of the Donna Rachele fumaroles, along with the historical records of shallow seismicity, the ‘explosion’ of a well in 1995, the occurrence of intense acoustic phenomena and of shallow wells discharging vapor indicate that the internal pressure of the hydrothermal system is occasionally larger than the hydrostatic pressure. To quantify the energy dissipated in the Donna Rachele area by the emission of fumarolic fluids, the hydrothermal diffuse degassing was studied by means of 336 soil CO 2 flux measurements. The highest CO 2 fluxes were measured in hydrothermally altered areas along the faults that border Mt. Epomeo. Structural data indicate that the vapor rises up along NW–SE striking normal faults related to gravity-induced stresses and affecting highly fractured lavas. The older faults, which are related to the Mt. Epomeo resurgence, act as a permeability barrier and bound the Donna Rachele diffuse degassing structure. The total hydrothermal CO 2 output was estimated to be ∼9 t d −1. Assuming that the H 2O/CO 2 ratio of the fluids that feed the diffuse degassing is the same as that of fumarolic effluents, the calculated heat flux is ∼40 MW. This value, which represents an important energy release, is only a part of the total thermal energy release of Ischia, where other fumarolic areas occur. The results obtained at Ischia indicate the importance of thermal energy released by diffuse degassing structures in the energy balance of quiescent volcanoes. Values of the thermal energy release from the Ischia hydrothermal system are comparable with those estimated on other quiescent volcanoes.