Abstract
This paper studies the fuel-optimal cruising strategies of parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and their underlying mechanisms. To achieve fuel-optimal operations, a discontinuous nonlinear optimal control problem is formulated and solved using the Legendre pseudospectral method and the knotting technique. Three optimal cruising strategies in free/fixed-speed cruising scenarios are proposed: vehicle speed pulse-and-glide strategy, state-of-charge (SoC) pulse-and-glide (PnG) strategy, and constant-speed strategy. The performance and optimal behavior of the engine and the motor are presented, and their fuel-saving mechanisms are explained. Finally, two principles to compromise between fuel economy and ride comfort are proposed and studied.
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