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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a useful method in biological, biomedical, food, and agricultural studies, allowing the simultaneous examination of various chemical compounds and evaluation of molecular changes occurring in tested objects. The purpose of our research was to explain how the elimination of ω-fractions from the wheat gliadin complex influences the secondary structures of the remaining αβγ-gliadins. To this aim, we analyzed the endosperm of wheat kernels as well as gliadin proteins extracted from two winter wheat genotypes: wasko.gl+ (control genotype containing the full set of gliadins) and wasko.gl− (modified genotype lacking all ω-gliadins). Based on the decomposition of the amide I band, we observed a moderate increase in β-forms (sheets and turns) at the expense of α-helical and random coil structures for gliadins isolated from the flour of the wasko.gl− line. Since ω-gliadins contain no cysteine residues, they do not participate in the formation of the disulfide bridges that stabilize the protein structure. However, they can interact with other proteins via weak, low-energetic hydrogen bonds. We conclude that the elimination of ω-fractions from the gliadin complex causes minor modifications in secondary structures of the remaining gliadin proteins. In our opinion, these small, structural changes of proteins may lead to alterations in gliadin allergenicity.
Highlights
The composition of wheat gliadin proteins and the protein complex of the whole wheat kernel were analyzed by Acid-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (A-PAGE) and SDS-PAGE, as shown in Figure 1a,b, respectively
A-PAGE shows a complete lack of slowly migrating ω-gliadin protein bands in wasko.gl−
The composition of wheat gliadin proteins and the protein complex of the whole wheat kernel were analyzed by A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE, as shown in Figures 1a and 1b, respectively
Summary
Raman spectroscopy has been effectively introduced to various areas of scientific research, among others: plant biology, biomedical research as well as food and agricultural studies [1,2,3,4,5,6] This technique allows exploring the molecular structures of biochemical compounds and the composition of the sample in a non-destructive manner [7,8,9]. In the Raman spectrum, each compound gives its characteristic bands, representing vibrational sensitivity to chemical changes, so that they can be used in qualitative analysis Using this method, one can perform a quantitative analysis based on the dependence of the intensity ratio of the signal intensity to the marker bands in the analyzed sample.
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