From the Tropical Forest to Caribbean Islands to Cities and Beyond: Migration, Displacement, and Travel of the Kuna

Abstract

Abstract: Travel, migration, and displacement have characterized most of Kuna history, beginning with their arrival in the Darién jungle in Panama and their subsequent move to the Caribbean coast and adjacent islands. Travel to other parts of Panama was formerly largely temporary, for work, education, or visiting other Kuna-speaking communities; recently, however, larger-scale migrations to the major cities of Panama have taken place, with migrants remaining permanently rather than returning to Kuna territory. A range of outsiders—missionaries, anthropologists, tourists, and others—have also visited Kuna communities. All these forms of travel, displacement, and contact with non-Kuna are reflected in Kuna oral traditions.