From the Land of Morning Calm to Dynamic Korea

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Contemporary Korean society is often described as dynamic, a view shared by both Koreans and foreigners. This perception contrasts sharply with Korea’s historical image as backward and stagnant. To understand this shift, we must explore whether Korean culture and society have fundamentally changed or if we had a misconception of Korean culture. Some attribute Korean dynamism to the “bbali-bbali” (hurry-up) spirit, a cultural trait. Others point to Korea’s rapid economic transformation over the past seven decades, which fostered a strong work ethic and a can-do spirit. However, these explanations raise further questions: Why are Koreans so driven by the “bbali-bbali” mentality? What underpins their work ethic and dedication to economic growth? This paper aims to provide a social scientist’s perspective on Korean cultural dynamism, focusing on the Korean character, social structure, and social mobility. First, it examines the social character of Koreans, defined by core traits developed through shared experiences and lifestyles. Second, it traces the emergence and evolution of Korean social character from ancient times through significant historical periods, such as the Hwarang in late Silla, Chondo-gyo in late Joseon, and the March First Movement of 1919. These periods highlight the continuity and adaptability of Korean cultural traits, such as egalitarianism, collective spirit and enjoyment, often overlooked in interpretations focused solely on Confucianism or characteristics of the declining late Joseon society. In the last 70 years, the egalitarian and humanistic Korean character manifested itself and shaped in the process of building a new republic, encouraging education, overcoming hardships due to the Korean War, the democratic struggle and the pursuit of rapid economic development. By adopting a historical and evolutionary perspective, we can better understand the link between ancient Korea, late Joseon, and contemporary Korea, integrating contrasting views of Korean culture as both stagnant and dynamic. The paper concludes with conjectures on how current changes might impact Korean dynamism and with a discussion of the theoretical relevance of our perspective.