From the Dedillo to the Plectrodedo: How an Unusual Technique Became the Stepping Stone of a Modern Revolutionary Guitar School

Many aspects of granite geology are covered in Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques, a 288‐page volume edited by Antonio Castro, Carlos Ferñandez, and Jean‐Louis Vigneresse. However, the topics chosen for this collection lean toward the physical, rather than the chemical end of the spectrum. In the introduction to this 16‐chapter collection, the authors set the stage by reviewing the groundwork laid by Hutton, Reed, and Bowen; they then discuss the landmark work of Chappell and White, first published in the 1970s, which ushered in the new era of granite research—one that has continued unabated to the present day. Finally, the editors outline some of the perennial questions of granite science, such as the “room problem,” granite ascent and emplacement, and the thermal and petrochemical requirements for granite genesis.

The challenges of cleft reconstruction have been present for centuries. However, understanding of the cleft nasal tip and the evolution of techniques decidedly began in the 20th century and refinement continues into the present day. Although a multitude of technical descriptions and case series have been published, a compendium of seminal techniques, which have shaped modern thought, has not been compiled in the literature. In this review, we discuss the anatomical disturbances in the cleft nasal tip anomaly, the timing and strategy of tip correction, and the major classic techniques for management of the cleft nasal tip. In addition, we have categorized the classic techniques into concepts that they embody.

Purpose – This paper aims to trace the history, application areas and users of Classical Analytics and Big Data Analytics. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses different types of Classical and Big Data Analytical techniques and application areas from the early days to present day. Findings – Businesses can benefit from a deeper understanding of Classical and Big Data Analytics to make better and more informed decisions. Originality/value – This is a historical perspective from the early days of analytics to present day use of analytics.

Genetic Structure of Flores Island (Azores, Portugal) in the 19th Century and in the Present Day: Evidence from Surname Analysis

In this paper a new hybrid model has been proposed for cost analysis of real as well reactive power wheeling under deregulated environment of modern power system. The proposed hybrid model is mainly an integration of a classical approach i.e. steepest decent method (SD) and artificial intelligence approach i.e. evolutionary programming (EP) based optimal power flow (OPF). Previously wheeling cost was analyzed using classical techniques like SD but they are bound to handle generating units with differentiable cost characteristic only. Presently it has been observed that under deregulated environment, some of the generating units e.g. co-generation plants have non-differentiable cost characteristics. So, for calculation and analysis of wheeling cost under present day modern deregulated environment, the proposed hybrid model is found to be most suitable. This new hybrid model is first tested on IEEE 30-bus test system and then applied to modified IEEE 30-bus test system. The results so obtained are found to be quite encouraging.

In many Russian nature reserves traditional landscapes are objects of important historical and cultural heritage. To preserve and restore them one needs to deeply understand their development, formation and degradation processes. In the north of European Russia agricultural landscapes are often covered with forests and lose their features when agricultural activity decreases. However, structural characteristics of these forests as a rule tell us about their development and peculiarities of successions. The study aims at creating a technique to estimate the scope of former agricultural land development, model historical transformation of agricultural landscapes and identify plots of slash and burn, shifting, two and three field agriculture judging by structural characteristics of post-agrarian forests. Aided by GIS the study compares raster analogs of land demarcation plans of the second half of the 19th century and vector layers of present day forests with attributive data on the forest structure. The use of cartographic forest data and inventory forest characteristics to compare with former land management documents related to the plot named have not been found in studies before. High precision of present day land management provides for permitted comparability with old demarcation plans and allows one to use inventory data for inter-landscape differentiation of agricultural landscapes in the 19th century. The study covers a model plot within Kenozero National Park (Arkhangelsk Region) addressing 1861 demarcation plans and 2014 forests GIS developed by Arkhangelsk branch of Roslesinforg. GIS processing of 19th century and present day demarcation plans provides for modeling agricultural landscape changes in relation to separate plots, trace the influence of soil conditions and elements of agrarian use on topological and inventory changes of emerging forests and reconstruct the biodiversity of ecosystems in the past.

Using a cohort study of all deaths in infants under 12 months in Dundee born between 1882-91 we set out to compare the aetiology of sudden unexpected infant deaths in Dundee at the end of the 19th Century with the aetiology of present day Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). During 1882-1891, 361 infants died suddenly and unexpectedly and without obvious cause while in bed with their parents. The sex ratio of deaths was even (0.51 male) whereas the typical male fraction of SIDS today is 0.61. The mean age at death was almost two and one-half weeks younger in the Dundee cohort than for SIDS in modern Scotland. The infants in the Dundee cohort were discovered more frequently early in the morning than is typical. Their social class distribution was different in that no overlying cases were found in the higher classes whereas SIDS affects all classes. The overlying rate for illegitimate infants was lower than that reported for SIDS today. The epidemiological characteristics of the Dundee cohort and of those dying from present day SIDS differ considerably. The Dundee cohort apparently died from overlying rather than from SIDS as it is classified today. Present day advice that co-sleeping is safe should be given more cautiously until the safety of co-sleeping is resolved. It might be prudent to inform parents that co-sleeping is a risk factor for SIDS and that it should therefore be avoided.

Coastal erosion and slumping of the coastal bluff occur at the present day along certain stretches of the Baltic Sea coastal belt in western Latvia. The coast currently being eroded is regarded as consisting partly of a cover of wind-blown sand formed 250–300 years ago, a period that saw intensive landward aeolian sand transport as a result of forest cutting and forest fires in the coastal belt and other factors relating to human activity. Within the frame of a short-term research project, dendrochronological dating work was undertaken on remnants of pine trunks discovered at various locations on the coastal bluff that appeared to be remains of ancient trees exposed by erosion, with the aim of determining where and when these natural processes had occurred. This study did not succeed in demonstrating dendrochronologically that the apparently ancient tree trunk remnants observable along certain stretches of the coast at the present day are remains of pines buried by sand more than 250 years ago. It has been established that certain of these are remnants of pines that died in the 20th century or even just a few years ago, but in the majority of cases an unambiguous old date could not be obtained. In order to ascertain the possible reasons why dendro-dating had produced such limited results, in the further part of the study a comparison was undertaken of the patterns of variation in annual radial trunk growth of pines growing in the dune belt along the whole of the Latvian seaboard at the present day. Also considered are the previous findings of short-term studies in all three Baltic States concerning the influence of specific environmental factors on the radial growth of pine. It has been established that the reasons why dendro-dating was problematic relate to the specific character and variation in the environmental factors significantly affecting tree growth, as well as the slope processes on the coastal bluffs. It is envisaged that the findings obtained and brought together in this study will be useful in future, when undertaking or planning dendro-dating work for the purpose of tracing the history of dune migration or assessing the radial growth of pines growing in dunes.

AimNativePinus sylvestrisbecame extirpated in Ireland, during a massive population decline experienced throughout Europe. It was extensively replanted in Ireland during the 18th century from Scottish stock. We test the hypothesis thatP. sylvestrisin Rockforest Co. Clare did not become extirpated during theP. sylvestrisdecline, and persisted to present day independent of 18th century plantations.LocationRockforest, Co. Clare in Ireland.MethodsFossil pollen was counted from a terrestrial core. Radiocarbon dates and age‐depth modelling was used to ascertain the core chronology. Loss‐on‐ignition was carried out to investigate sediment accumulation history. Pollen was also counted from moss polster pollen traps to explore the deposition ofP. sylvestrispollen in the surrounding landscape. Historical maps were consulted to investigate the longevity of other nearbyP. sylvestrispopulations.ResultsA continuous record ofP. sylvestrisis reported. The core extends through the last two millennia, and reports a clear decline ofP. sylvestrisatc. 1550 calbp. TheP. sylvestrispollen curve recovers quickly after the decline event and persists at high levels up until the present day. The loss‐on‐ignition data reveal a stable accumulation of sediment with no major erosion events. The moss polster pollen traps show the core site is a suitable location for collecting pollen from the RockforestP. sylvestrispopulation. Historical maps demonstrate that none of the other nearbyP. sylvestrispopulations extends further back than plantations in the early 18th century.Main conclusionsThe population ofP. sylvestrisin Rockforest Co. Clare survived the regionalP. sylvestrisdecline, recovered and persisted right up to the present day, independent of introduction by human agency. Hence, we identify this microrefugium population of native Irish stock outside of the current understanding of the native range for this tree species.

Comparison of occlusion in medieval and present-day populations in southeast France.

Self-learned folk musician

Y chromosome haplotypes in the Madeira archipelago population

As if Afghanistan’s recent takeover by the Taliban was not a sufficiently significant development in the AfPak region, reports indicate that Pakistan’s largest sect, the Barelvi, becomes increasingly militant and aggressive by the day. Since another important movement for the history of Pakistan - the Deobandi - has generally dominated the violence scene in Pakistan starting with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, this trend within the Barelvis is a rather new one, and deserves extensive attention keeping in mind the recent regional developments. Taking a brief look at the history of the region to identify possible causes that may underlie the radicalization of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan group, it is noticeable that emergence of Barelvi and Deobandi sects in the first part of 19th century was part of a larger movement to revive Islam in the Northern part of India, but in different manners: while the Deobandi kept close to the Hanafi Sunni teachings in a strictly manner, the Barelvi sect – developed itself mostly on a Sufi legacy, as part of a larger Folk Islam inherited from the Mughal Empire, despite being itself affiliated with the Hanafi school. The differences between the two movements became critical from a political, security and social point of view, especially after the division of British India in 1947, into two states: a Muslim one – present day Pakistan, and a Hindu one - present day India, of which, the first, became the state entity that encompassed both Hanafi revivalist movements, Deobandi and Barelvi. Therefore, this research is aiming to analyse the history of Barelvi movement starting with the British Raj, the way in which Pakistan was established as a state and the problems that arose with the partition of the former British colony, the very Islamic essence of the new established state, and the potential for destabilization of Barelvi organisations in an already prone to conflict area. Consequently, the current research aims to identify the patterns of latest developments in Pakistan, their historical roots and causes, main actors active in religious, political and military fields in this important state-actor from the AfPak region, in order to project Barelvi recent in a defined environment, mainly by using a historical approach.

Abstract. In this study, we assess how the anthropogenically induced increase in greenhouse gas concentrations affects the climate of central and southern South America. We utilise two regional climate simulations for present day (PD) and pre-industrial (PI) times. These simulations are compared to historical reconstructions in order to investigate the driving processes responsible for climatic changes between the different periods. The regional climate model is validated against observations for both re-analysis data and GCM-driven regional simulations for the second half of the 20th century. Model biases are also taken into account for the interpretation of the model results. The added value of the regional simulation over global-scale modelling relates to a better representation of hydrological processes that are particularly evident in the proximity of the Andes Mountains. Climatic differences between the simulated PD minus PI period agree qualitatively well with proxy-based temperature reconstructions, albeit the regional model overestimates the amplitude of the temperature increase. For precipitation the most important changes between the PD and PI simulation relate to a dipole pattern along the Andes Mountains with increased precipitation over the southern parts and reduced precipitation over the central parts. Here only a few regions show robust similarity with studies based on empirical evidence. However, from a dynamical point-of-view, atmospheric circulation changes related to an increase in high-latitude zonal wind speed simulated by the regional climate model are consistent with numerical modelling studies addressing changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Our results indicate that besides the direct effect of greenhouse gas changes, large-scale changes in atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperatures also exert an influence on temperature and precipitation changes in southern South America. These combined changes in turn affect the relationship between climate and atmospheric circulation between PD and PI times and should be considered for the statistical reconstruction of climate indices calibrated within present-day climate data.

Q. Edward Wang’s unparalleled four-volume survey of historiography examines the nature and significance of history writing from ancient worlds to the present day. Taking a global approach, it presents and contextualizes classic works that portray the traditions of historical writing around the world. The collection also incorporates key essays and articles from the eighteenth century to the present that analyze the continuities and transformations that have existed and taken place within those traditions. Edited by a world-renowned, leading scholar in the field, the four volumes cover the ancient and medieval eras, the Renaissance period through to the 18th century, the rise of the Rankean school and ‘scientific history’ in the West, and new developments in worldwide historiography from the 1990s to the present day. As well as substantial contextualizing editor introductions for each volume, there are 60 individual essays and extracts included across the set, with notions of time, antiquarianism, the Annales School and postcolonialism all key topics at the heart of this vital collection. This is an essential resource for all scholars interested in historiography and the development of history as a discipline.