From the Big Bang to the Big Rip: One Cycle of a Closed Granular Friedmann-Planck Universe

Abstract

The first part of this article develops [1] a closed universe model deploying by identical multiplication a Friedmann-Planck micro-universe; thus this one constitutes the grains of the vacuum of this universe. The quantum initial expansion of this is quadratic as a function of time. Using this model, calculating the density of matter at the present time gives a correct numerical result. The essential point is that during periods of expansion following the initial quadratic period, this model reveals a surprising phenomenon. The function expressing the radius curvature as a function of time depends on the individual mass of the heaviest elementary particles created at the end of the quadratic period. The model also leads to reflection on the dark matter. The second part imagines a new type of Big Rip based on the following hypothesis: when the acceleration of the Universe, caused by dark energy, reaches the value of Planck acceleration, destruction of the microscopic structure of the Universe occurs and is replaced by a macroscopic structure (photon spheres) identical to that of the initial Planck element. Thus a new Big Bang could begin on an immensely larger scale. This reasoning eventually leads to reflection on the origins of the Big Bang.