Abstract
Green ammonia is gaining traction as a hydrogen carrier and decarbonization vector, particularly for maritime fuel, power generation, and energy storage—sectors that face significant challenges with electrification on their path to decarbonization. While green hydrogen could also play a key role in decarbonizing these sectors, many regions lack the capital or resources to produce it at scale. Additionally, green hydrogen has limitations that green ammonia is well-positioned to overcome. Rather than competing with electrification and green hydrogen, green ammonia complements the energy transition by replacing fossil-fuel-based grey ammonia, acting as a hydrogen carrier, and serving as a carbon-free fuel. Its high energy density, widespread use as a manufacturing feedstock, and carbon-free composition make it a practical decarbonization solution for regions with impediments to renewable electricity and green hydrogen production. There is a need for a nuanced understanding on ammonia’s role in energy systems decarbonization to determine where it best fits in the puzzle.
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