From beautiful to cute

Abstract

AbstractJapanese visual aesthetics as represented in traditional arts such as flower arranging, calligraphy and tea ceremony have long been celebrated or even emulated as exemplary expressions of beauty. The Japanese termutsukushii(beautiful) can be used to describe a wide variety of pleasing aspects of daily life, ranging from the human form to nature and even the gustatory experience. This article outlines traditional notions of beauty in the Japanese language, sketching forward to more contemporary expressions of visual culture that cluster around the termkawaii. This word is often translated as “cute” in English, but we maintain thatkawaiiextends well beyond its denotative sense to encompass a more complex spectrum of meanings. For example, it can be used to describe objects and practices which have both sentimental charm as well as dark humour. We argue that thekawaiiaesthetic has been successful because it serves important emotional and social functions. Finally, the differences between the termsutsukushiiandkawaiiare gendered and class based, withkawaiioften providing a democratic expression of resistance to gendered processes of aging, ideas of class and taste, and attractiveness in Japan’s postmodern society. This essay begins with an overview of the semantic meanings of the concepts of beauty and cuteness in Japanese, followed by a discussion focused on the historical antecedents of the Japanese notion of cuteness. The third section shifts to an analysis of the expansion of thekawaiiconcept in post-war society and its socio-cultural functions. The essay closes with exploration of a few of the hybrid offshoots derived fromkawaii, demonstrating that concepts of beauty in Japan are constantly changing and reacting to social and historical trends.