Abstract
A fast and accurate dose calculation engine for hadrontherapy is critical for both routine clinical and advanced research applications. FRoG is a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based forward calculation tool developed at CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica) and at HIT (Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center) for fast and accurate calculation of both physical and biological dose. FRoG calculation engine adopts a triple Gaussian parameterization for the description of the lateral dose distribution. FRoG provides dose, dose-averaged linear energy transfer, and biological dose-maps, -profiles, and -volume-histograms. For the benchmark of the FRoG calculation engine, using the clinical settings available at CNAO, spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) and patient cases for both proton and carbon ion beams have been calculated and compared against FLUKA Monte Carlo (MC) predictions. In addition, FRoG patient-specific quality assurance (QA) has been performed for twenty-five proton and carbon ion fields. As a result, for protons, biological dose values, using a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1, agree on average with MC within ~1% for both SOBPs and patient plans. For carbon ions, RBE-weighted dose (DRBE) agreement against FLUKA is within ~2.5% for the studied SOBPs and patient plans. Both MKM (Microdosimetric Kinetic Model) and LEM (Local Effect Model) DRBE are implemented and tested in FRoG to support the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences)-based to LEM-based biological dose conversion. FRoG matched the measured QA dosimetric data within ~2.0% for both particle species. The typical calculation times for patients ranged from roughly 1 to 4 min for proton beams and 3 to 6 min for carbon ions on a NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 1080 Ti. This works demonstrates FRoG’s potential to bolster clinical activity with proton and carbon ion beams at CNAO.
Highlights
Radiation therapy requires dose computation on computed tomography (CT) images for each patient with high accuracy and fast calculation time
Kinetic Model) and LEM (Local Effect Model) DRBE are implemented and tested in FRoG to support the NIRS (National Institute of Radiological Sciences)-based to LEM-based biological dose conversion
In order to overcome these limitations, we have introduced a new calculation platform, FRoG
Summary
Radiation therapy requires dose computation on computed tomography (CT) images for each patient with high accuracy and fast calculation time. For proton and carbon ions typically uses an analytical algorithm for dose calculation on a central processing unit (CPU). Graphics processing unit (GPU)-based clinical TPSs have been. Cancers 2018, 10, 395 made available (e.g., Raystation, RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden), promising enhanced calculation speeds for the even more time-consuming Monte Carlo (MC) codes [1]. Compact high-performance systems will become commonplace in the clinic, making routine integration of advanced physical and biophysical models feasible [1,2,3]. The commercial TPS used during clinical operation at CNAO
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