Abstract
Rats were trained to traverse a runway for water reinforcement. Then separate groups were tested with rat or guinea pig muscle homogenate, blood, or brain homogenate applied to the runway. Rat muscle and blood evoked significantly higher frequencies of fright reactions (elimination, freezing, or retreating) and significantly lower frequencies of orienting/sampling responses than evoked by guinea pig muscle and blood, or rat brain. This supports the interpretation that conspecific muscle and blood contain an alarm substance ( Schreckstoff) and eliminates other possible interpretations of these reactions to conspecific blood and muscle.
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