Frictional evolution of gouge-bearing faults during multiple seismic slip velocity pulses

Abstract

Fault zones consist of one or more fault cores sandwiched by a damage zone surrounded by less deformed wall rocks. Most of the deformation is accommodated in the fault core through slip along one or more principal slipping zones. The thickness of fault cores (mm to m) and individual slipping zones (µm to dm) increases with fault slip displacement. In particular, small-displacement or immature faults have such thin slip zones that resemble bare rock surfaces. When exhumed from <5-6 km depth, slip zones are made by poorly cohesive fault gouges.Several laboratory experimental configurations aim to reproduce the deformation processes activated during seismic slip episodes. In the laboratory, the slip zone is represented as the interaction volume of two bare rock surfaces (i.e., immature faults) or as a mm-thick gouge layer (i.e., more mature faults). Most studies have focused on the frictional behavior of gouge layers or bare rocks during single seismic events, and only a few on the mechanical and microstructural evolution of a gouge layer subjected to multiple events of seismic slip (e.g., Smith et al., 2015). Here, we present rotary-shear friction experiments that reproduce seismic slip on both gouge layers and bare rocks derived from calcite-rich marble. The aim of this study is to analyze the frictional evolution of a gouge layer undergoing multiple seismic slip pulses: four trapezoidal slip pulses at 1 m/s for 1 m of slip, with hold time of 120 s between each pulse. Moreover, we compare this evolution with one of bare rocks of the same material but slid only once at 1 m/s for a total slip higher than 1 m. Experiments were performed at normal stress of 10, 20, and 30 MPa under room humidity conditions.Our experimental results show that despite the static and dynamic friction coefficients are higher in the gouge layer than in the bare rock experiments, the frictional work to achieve the dynamic friction decreases at each seismic slip pulse in the gouge experiments and is comparable with the bare rock one after the second pulse. High-resolution scanning electron microscope investigations of the sheared gouge layers show that in the first two slip pulses most of the frictional work is spent on (1) strain localization into newly-formed slip zones bounded by continuous ultra-smooth surfaces and, (2) grain size reduction, sintering and compaction (i.e., porosity reduction) within the bulk gouge layer. However, after the second pulse, the slip is localized in one or more well-developed slip zones bounded by ultra-smooth surfaces, that cut through the compacted gouge layer, and the mechanical behavior is similar to that of bare rocks.Carbonate-bearing fault zones are common seismogenic sources in the Mediterranean area (e.g. 2009 L'Aquila Mw6.3 and 1981 Corinth M6.6 earthquakes). In a series of subsequent seismic slip events, it is shown that the evolution of a gouge layer in carbonate-bearing fault rocks tends to produce a similar mechanical behaviour of bare rocks although the volumetric distribution of strain is significantly different. Importantly, the energy spent by apparently different mechanical processes is eventually similar.