Abstract
Studies regarding the association between snoring and metabolic abnormalities have been inconsistent. We examine whether snoring frequency and obstructive sleep apnea markers are associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Koreans aged 40–69 years. A total of 72,885 subjects (24,856 men, 48,029 women) from the Health Examinees Gem study between 2009 and 2013 were included. Snoring frequency was grouped into five categories (never, 1–3/month, 1–3/week, 4–5/week, 6+/week). Obstructive sleep apnea markers included breathing interruptions and awakenings. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated through logistic regression. Compared with non-snorers, those who snore 6+/week were associated with increased odds for MetS (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.91–2.25, p-trend < 0.0001 among men; OR: 1.45, CI: 1.33–1.58, p-trend < 0.0001 among women). Snoring frequency is associated with MetS and its components in both men and women. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea markers are important indicators of sleep quality, which may facilitate early detection of sleep disorders and further complications such as MetS.
Highlights
Snoring, a physical phenomenon caused by high-frequency vibrations of the soft palate, pharyngeal walls, the tongue and the epiglottis partially blocking the upper airway, has been increasingly regarded as a pathophysiologic entity that poses risk for adverse health effects [1]
There were significant differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and all five of its components based on snoring frequency in both men and women (MetS and all five components p < 0.0001)
Using the “never” snoring frequency category as a reference, snoring 6+/week was associated with statistically significant increased odds for MetS in both men and women (OR: 2.07, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs): 1.91–2.25, p-trend < 0.0001 among men; odds ratios (ORs): 1.45, 95% CI: 1.33–1.58, p-trend < 0.0001 among women) when adjusted for age, BMI, education, occupation, marital status, smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, menopausal status, and sleep duration
Summary
A physical phenomenon caused by high-frequency vibrations of the soft palate, pharyngeal walls, the tongue and the epiglottis partially blocking the upper airway, has been increasingly regarded as a pathophysiologic entity that poses risk for adverse health effects [1]. It has been identified as an important indicator of sleep quality and consequentially as a potential marker for sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) [2,3]. Despite the growing number of snoring studies, methodological differences such as the categorization of snoring frequency and varying OSA-related questions have produced mixed results. Public Health 2017, 14, 1294; doi:10.3390/ijerph14111294 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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