Abstract
Frankincense and myrrh are highly effective in treatment of inflammatary diseases, but lacking of the therapy mechanisms. We undertook this stuty to evaluate the effects on Adjuvant-induced Arthritis (AIA) rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms by analyzing the metabolic profiling and signaling pathway evaluated by expression of inflammatory cytokines, c-jun and c-fos and corresponding phosphorylation levels. The results stated the elevated expression levels of TNFα, PGE2, IL-2, NO, and MDA in serum and swelling paw of AIA rats were significantly decreased after treatment, which exerted more remarkable inhibitive effects of combined therapy. The metbolic profiling of plasma and urine were clearly improved and twenty-one potential biomarkers were identified. Moreover, the inhibited effects of five bioactive components on cytokine transcription in PHA stimulated-PBMC showed the MAPK pathway might account for this phenomenon with considerable reduction in phosphorylated forms of all the three MAPK (ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) and down regulation of c-jun and c-fos.
Highlights
IntroductionIt has been commonly used to reduce swelling and alleviate the pain of inflammatory diseases or tumors[31,32], and to invigorate the circulation of blood in China and as an antiarthritic in Ayuredic medicine in India for thousands of years[31]
The extent of metabolic changes and types of metabolites could be applied as good markers of cytokines-mediated inflammatory processes in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
The paw edema volume was significantly reduced in group treated with standard drug of indomethacin (IMT), individual extract of Frankincense or Myrrh, and combined extracts treated groups which showed significant difference when compared with the arthritis group (P < 0 .001 or P < 0 .01 or P < 0 .05) (See Table 1)
Summary
It has been commonly used to reduce swelling and alleviate the pain of inflammatory diseases or tumors[31,32], and to invigorate the circulation of blood in China and as an antiarthritic in Ayuredic medicine in India for thousands of years[31]. It is used as dietary supplements for patients with arthritis or other inflammation and pain related disorders in USA33.
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