Abstract
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology is one of the advanced solutions that uses electric vehicles (EV) to balance electricity demand in the power system. It can be particularly useful in analyzing and then mitigating the risk of not delivering electricity to the end user. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of operation of this technology in the legal framework. The article presents the analysis of the legal status in Poland, referring to the documents of the European Union and domestic legislation. Potential changes in Polish energy law that could facilitate the implementation of V2G technology are also proposed. In addition, the authors suggested the principles for the use of this technology, formulating a mechanism called the V2G Program. Within this Program, the V2G Service was defined and a business model of its implementation by a participant of the V2G Program (uEV) was presented. In addition, an uEV selection algorithm is provided so that the mathematical model of the V2G Service can be validated. Based on the performed simulations, it can be concluded that the implementation of the V2G Program requires significant changes in the Polish energy law, but it is feasible from the technical point of view.
Highlights
A completely different definition can be found in Article 2 (17) of the Act on Renewable Energy Sources, where an energy storage facility is defined as “a separate device or set of devices used to store energy in any form that does not cause emissions that are a burden to the environment, in a way that allows at least partial recovery” [59]
It should be determined whether the discharge of an electric vehicle for the purposes of the distribution network is an ancillary service or service provided by a third party for the sole purpose of making a profit
Based on the information presented, it can be concluded that V2G technology in the context of legal regulations is still at an early stage of development
Summary
The European Union’s policy of emission neutrality introduces further restrictions on the use of internal combustion engine (ICE) passenger cars [1]. It, firstly, certain principles of functioning of V2G technology in the electricity market it is necessary to understand the problem of introducing new services into this market. The description other technologies presented in Section of the article This thefurther authors have focused mainly on complementary to the2knowledge thatIncan bepaper, used for research. V2G Program concept authors focused on presenting the legal framework for the functioning of technology as a comprehensive platform to implement V2G technology in Poland. Service.inSection presents a case description of models the business model of service was depicted alongside the study in which from Section were implemented
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