Vehicle-to-grid workplace discharging economics as a function of driving distance and type of electric vehicle

Abstract

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is a promising way to reduce the peak valley difference of the power load. The economic and environmental benefits of V2G workplace charging as a function of driving distance and type of electric vehicle (EV) as well as V2G electricity price in Shanghai are explored. The characteristics of EVs and the grid in Shanghai are also described at length. The results show that private EVs have much idle time and can participate in peak shaving and valley filling service for the grid by V2G while electric buses are not suitable for daytime V2G services because they run for a long time during the day. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) energy scheduling strategy prioritizes driving demand rather than V2G service ensures low carbon dioxide emissions. The peak-shaving compensation electricity price (PSCEP) should be set as 4–9 times of the residential valley electricity price (RVEP) after weighing V2G benefits and carbon dioxide emissions. If PSCEP is greater than 9 times RVEP, it will be profitable for PHEV to increase additional gasoline consumption for V2G services, however, which will result in a larger carbon footprint. In the power structure, the renewable energy supply which contributes 40% during the valley period at night and 29% during the peak time during the day reduces the carbon footprint of EVs in Shanghai. The maximum peak–valley load difference can be reduced by 14% after V2G services, suggesting that a large part of peak shaving generation units can be replaced by V2G in Shanghai. • V2G energy dispatch strategies are proposed based on the driving behavior of EVs. • Recommended that the V2G feed-in price be 4–9 times of the valley price in Shanghai. • High proportion of renewable energy reduces the carbon footprints of EVs and V2G. • The maximum peak–valley load difference can be reduced by 14% after V2G services.