Frameless Stereotactic Lesion Contour-guided Surgery Using a Computer-navigated Microscope

Abstract

Background The Zeiss MKM System is a recently developed computerized operating microscope for image-guided neurosurgery. The clinical advantages, reliability, accuracy, and limitations of this technique were investigated. Methods Since February 1995, 78 consecutive frameless stereotactic image-guided procedures were performed in 73 patients (30 males, 43 females; mean age, 46.9 years; range, 16–77 years) for tumor surgery (50/64.1%), cavernoma removal (16/20.5%), and functional procedures (12/15.4%). Skin markers (74 cases) or bone markers (4 cases) and a standard imaging protocol (2-mm cranial computed tomography (CCT) in 59 cases/1.5-mm magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 19 cases) were used. Results The main advantages were pre-operative skin incision, craniotomy and corticotomy planning, and determination of lesion boundaries. Useful registration and system reliability were noted in 97% (76/78) of the procedures. A significant improvement in registration accuracy was observed over the test period from a mean of 4.8 mm (SD = 3.36; Cases 1–25) to a mean of 2.2 mm (SD = 0.86; Cases 26–78). This resulted in an improvement in application accuracy from <5 mm in 71% (Cases 1–25) to <2 mm in 95% (Cases 26–78) of cases, and the accuracy led to successful localization of the lesion in every case. Accuracy was reliable at the beginning of every procedure, but degraded to values >5 mm by the end of the procedure in 29% (22/78) of cases. MRI cases achieved higher application accuracy values (2.1 mm mean) than CT cases (3.7 mm mean). Conclusions The system offers a reliable alternative to frame-assisted stereotactic craniotomies in lesion targeting, but would need an intraoperative image update for resection guidance.