Abstract
The coating formation technique for artificial knee ligaments was proposed, which provided tight fixation of ligaments of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers as a result of the healing of the bone channel in the short-term period after implantation. The coating is a frame structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in a collagen matrix, which is formed by layer-by-layer solidification of an aqueous dispersion of SWCNT with collagen during spin coating and controlled irradiation with IR radiation. Quantum mechanical method SCC DFTB, with a self-consistent charge, was used. It is based on the density functional theory and the tight-binding approximation. The method established the optimal temperature and time for the formation of the equilibrium configurations of the SWCNT/collagen type II complexes to ensure maximum binding energies between the nanotube and the collagen. The highest binding energies were observed in complexes with SWCNT nanometer diameter in comparison with subnanometer SWCNT. The coating had a porous structure—pore size was 0.5—6 μm. The process of reducing the mass and volume of the coating with the initial biodegradation of collagen after contact with blood plasma was demonstrated. This is proved by exceeding the intensity of the SWCNT peaks G and D after contact with the blood serum in the Raman spectrum and by decreasing the intensity of the main collagen bands in the SWCNT/collagen complex frame coating. The number of pores and their size increased to 20 μm. The modification of the PET tape with the SWCNT/collagen coating allowed to increase its hydrophilicity by 1.7 times compared to the original PET fibers and by 1.3 times compared to the collagen coating. A reduced hemolysis level of the PET tape coated with SWCNT/collagen was achieved. The SWCNT/collagen coating provided 2.2 times less hemolysis than an uncoated PET implant. MicroCT showed the effective formation of new bone and dense connective tissue around the implant. A decrease in channel diameter from 2.5 to 1.7 mm was detected at three and, especially, six months after implantation of a PET tape with SWCNT/collagen coating. MicroCT allowed us to identify areas for histological sections, which demonstrated the favorable interaction of the PET tape with the surrounding tissues. In the case of using the PET tape coated with SWCNT/collagen, more active growth of connective tissue with mature collagen fibers in the area of implantation was observed than in the case of only collagen coating. The stimulating effect of SWCNT/collagen on the formation of bone trabeculae around and inside the PET tape was evident in three and six months after implantation. Thus, a PET tape with SWCNT/collagen coating has osteoconductivity as well as a high level of hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility.
Highlights
The total number of arthroscopic operations for replacing the knee joint ligament increases every year, along with a rise in the number of repeated operations [1,2]
The study demonstrated a method for forming single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT)/collagen coating for artificial ligaments made of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers
Electron microscopy was used to demonstrate the frame structure of the SWCNT in a collagen matrix, which is formed in layers by the phase change of an aqueous dispersion of SWCNT with collagen during spin coating and controlled irradiation with IR radiation
Summary
The total number of arthroscopic operations for replacing the knee joint ligament increases every year, along with a rise in the number of repeated operations [1,2]. Damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common and accounts for up to 50% of the total number of joint injuries [3]. In case of damage to the ligaments, a violation of the joint functionality and limitation of limb mobility occur [4]. Against this background, concomitant diseases such as joint instability, synovitis, gonarthrosis develop, which can lead to disability [5]
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