Abstract
BackgroundForkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types. Foxd1 is essential for kidney development and mitochondrial metabolism, but its significance in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been reported.MethodsTranscriptome data from the TCGA database was used to correlate FOXD1 expression with patient survival. FOXD1 was knocked out in the 786-O cell line and known targets were analyzed. Reduced cell growth was observed and investigated in vitro using growth rate and Seahorse XF metabolic assays and in vivo using a xenograft model. Cell cycle characteristics were determined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Immunostaining for TUNEL and γH2AX was used to measure DNA damage. Association of the FOXD1 pathway with cell cycle progression was investigated through correlation analysis using the TCGA database.ResultsFOXD1 expression level in ccRCC correlated inversely with patient survival. Knockout of FOXD1 in 786-O cells altered expression of FOXD1 targets, particularly genes involved in metabolism (MICU1) and cell cycle progression. Investigation of metabolic state revealed significant alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, but no net change in energy production. In vitro growth rate assays showed a significant reduction in growth of 786-OFOXD1null. In vivo, xenografted 786-OFOXD1null showed reduced capacity for tumor formation and reduced tumor size. Cell cycle analysis showed that 786-OFOXD1null had an extended G2/M phase. Investigation of mitosis revealed a deficiency in phosphorylation of histone H3 in 786-OFOXD1null, and increased DNA damage. Genes correlate with FOXD1 in the TCGA dataset associate with several aspects of mitosis, including histone H3 phosphorylation.ConclusionsWe show that FOXD1 regulates the cell cycle in ccRCC cells by control of histone H3 phosphorylation, and that FOXD1 expression governs tumor formation and tumor growth. Transcriptome analysis supports this role for FOXD1 in ccRCC patient tumors and provides an explanation for the inverse correlation between tumor expression of FOXD1 and patient survival. Our findings reveal an important role for FOXD1 in maintaining chromatin stability and promoting cell cycle progression and provide a new tool with which to study the biology of FOXD1 in ccRCC.
Highlights
Forkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types
The forkhead transcription factor FOXD1 plays an essential role in kidney development [4], and because developmental programs are frequently misregulated in cancer, we were interested to know what role it plays in cancer of the adult kidney, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) which is the most common form
FOXD1 expression in ccRCC correlates with poor patient survival To understand if there could be a role for FOXD1 in ccRCC, we correlated tumor expression with patient outcomes using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)
Summary
Forkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types. Foxd is essential for kidney development and mitochondrial metabolism, but its significance in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been reported. Expression of several forkhead family members has been described in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), a highly angiogenic tumor originating from nephron epithelium in the cortex of the kidney [2, 3]. The forkhead transcription factor FOXD1 plays an essential role in kidney development [4], and because developmental programs are frequently misregulated in cancer, we were interested to know what role it plays in cancer of the adult kidney, ccRCC which is the most common form. In non-small cell lung cancer, FOXD1 expression correlates with poor survival and increases proliferation [6]. FOXD1 expression is downregulated in chemoresistant ovarian cancers [8]
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