Fourier Transform of the Orbital Angular Momentum of a Single Photon

Abstract

Optical networks implementing single-qudit quantum computation gates may exhibit superior properties to those for qubits as each of the optical elements in the network can work in parallel on many optical modes simultaneously. We present an important class of such networks, that implements in a deterministic and efficient way the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) in an arbitrarily large dimension. These networks redistribute the initial quantum state into the path and orbital angular momentum (OAM) degrees of freedom and exhibit two modes of operation. Either the OAM-only QFT can be implemented, which uses the path as an internal auxiliary degree of freedom, or the path-only QFT is implemented, which uses the OAM as the auxiliary degree of freedom. The resources for both schemes scale linearly $O(d)$ with the dimension $d$ of the system, beating the best known bounds for the path-encoded QFT. While the QFT of the orbital angular momentum states of single photons has been applied in a multitude of experiments, these schemes require specially designed elements with non-trivial phase profiles. In contrast, we present a different approach that utilizes only conventional optical elements.