Fourier transform-based data augmentation in deep learning for diabetic foot thermograph classification

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) belongs to the ten diseases group with the highest mortality rate globally, with an estimated 578 million cases by 2030, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The disease manifests itself through different disorders, where vasculopathy shows a chronic relationship with diabetic ulceration events in distal extremities, being temperature a biomarker that can quantify the risk scale. According to the above, an analysis is performed with standing thermography images, finding temperature patterns that do not follow a particular distribution in patients with DM. Therefore, the modern medical literature has taken the use of Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems as a plausible option to increase medical analysis capabilities. In this sense, we proposed to study three state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) architectures, experimenting with convolutional, residual, and attention (Transformers) approaches to classify subjects with DM from diabetic foot thermography images. The models were trained under three conditions of data augmentation. A novel method based on modifying the images through the change of the amplitude in the Fourier Transform is proposed, being the first work to perform such synergy in the characterization of risk in ulcers through thermographies. The results show that the proposed method allowed reaching the highest values, reaching a perfect classification through the convolutional neural network ResNet50v2, promising for limited data sets in thermal pattern classification problems.