Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the application of homocysteine as well as its effect under the condition of aerobic physical activity on the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cardiac tissue and on hepato-renal biochemical parameters in sera of rats. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 10, per group): C: 0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day subcutaneous injection (s.c.); H: homocysteine 0.45 µmol/g b.w./day s.c.; CPA saline (0.9% NaCl 0.2 mL/day s.c.) and a program of physical activity on a treadmill; and HPA homocysteine (0.45 µmol/g b.w./day s.c.) and a program of physical activity on a treadmill. Subcutaneous injection of substances was applied 2 times a day at intervals of 8 h during the first two weeks of experimental protocol. Hcy level in serum was significantly higher in the HPA group compared to the CPA group (p < 0.05). Levels of glucose, proteins, albumin, and hepatorenal biomarkers were higher in active groups compared with the sedentary group. It was demonstrated that the increased activities of LDH (mainly caused by higher activity of isoform LDH2) and mMDH were found under the condition of homocysteine-treated rats plus aerobic physical activity. Independent application of homocysteine did not lead to these changes. Physical activity leads to activation of MMP-2 isoform and to increased activity of MMP-9 isoform in both homocysteine-treated and control rats.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for around one third of all deaths worldwide, but this prevalence is still rising [1]
The main parameters measured in the in the cardiac tissue of experimental animals were the activities of enzymes included cardiac tissue of experimental animals were the activities of enzymes included in energy in energy metabolism: malate dehydrogenase (an enzyme in the Krebs cycle—aerobic metabolism: malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase, which is anaerobic metabolism, as and lactate dehydrogenase, which is included in anaerobic metabolism, as well as the well as the activities of enzymes involved in the remodeling of tissue—two isoforms of activities of enzymes involved in the remodeling of tissue—two isoforms of matrix matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9)
The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of independent application of homocysteine as well as its effect under the condition of aerobic physical activity on the activities of enzymes, i.e., MMP-2 and MMP-9, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in cardiac tissue and on hepato-renal biochemical parameters in sera of rats
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for around one third of all deaths worldwide, but this prevalence is still rising [1]. Data from the literature indicate an association between HHcy and endothelial dysfunction [5,6]. Studies on animal models show that elevated Hcy levels lead to accelerated development of endothelial dysfunction in mice [7,8]. This finding is confirmed by studies in humans. Hcy does have an effect on endothelial cells, but can have an impact on macrophage lipid metabolism. Hcy promotes lipid accumulation and inhibits cholesterol efflux in macrophages by inhibiting liver X receptor alpha and decreasing expression of ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1, which are responsible for cholesterol efflux [12]. Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages induces their transformation into foam cells and promotes development of atherosclerotic plaques [13]
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