Abstract
In this chapter, we aim to (1) summarize the background and state-of-the-art technologies for forward osmosis (FO) membranes fabrication, (2) analyze the mass transport phenomena in FO membranes and (3) discuss strategies to properly design FO membranes. We will also highlight basic characterization methods for FO membranes. We will focus on asymmetric membranes made of both phase inversion and composite membranes. The phase inversion membranes are mainly those made from cellulose acetate (CA), polybenzimidazole (PBI) and polyamide-imide (PAI), while the composite membranes include thin film composite (TFC), layer-by-layer (LbL) and biomimetic membranes. Each type of membranes is discussed in terms of material, structure, preparation methods and FO performance.
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