Abstract
Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of fortified dadih with vitamin D3 on IL-6 expression level and the concentration of caecum SCFA in obese rats.
 Methods: A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five equal groups: healthy-control-(K-), obese-control-(K+), obese-intervention-(X1, X2, and X3). K(+), X1, X2, and X3 were in obesity conditions, which was induced by a high-fat sucrose diet (HFSD) and K(-) as a healthy-control-group. Furthermore, vitamin D3-fortified dadih at doses of 4 g/200 g-body-weight/d, dadih only at doses of 4 g/200 g-body-weight/d, and vitamin D3 only at 36 IU/200 g-body-weight/d was administered to X1, X2, and X3 groups, respectively.
 Results: Treatment using fortified dadih with vitamin D3 showed significantly reduce weight gain (p<0.05) compare to K(+) and X2. In addition, X1 showed a decreased level of Interleukin-6 expression (p<0.05) than K(+), X2, and X3 groups but higher than K(-). Also, it showed the highest total SCFA, acetate, and propionate concentration (p<0.05). However, a moderately negative correlation was discovered between the pair of total SCFA and Interleukin-6 expression, acetate and Interleukin-6 expression, SCFA and body weight, propionate and body weight, butyrate and body weight. On the contrary, a strong positive correlation was observed between the pair of Interleukin-6 expression levels and body weight.
 Conclusion: This study shows that fortified dadih with vitamin D3 from fermented foods improve the expression level of Interleukin-6 and increase the production of SCFA. Also, they improve intestinal homeostasis because of the increased SCFA production.
Highlights
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased fat storage in the body [1, 2]
Some of the LAB that is usually found in dadih are Lactobacillus Plantarum, Leuconostoc Mesenteroides, Streptococcus Faecalis, S. lactis subspecies lactis, S. cremoris, L. casei subspecies casei, and Lactobacillus casei subspecies, Rhamnosus, and Lactococcus [7]
Probiotic therapy with LAB reduced the release of LPS from the intestinal epithelial cells, and it decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue [13]
Summary
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased fat storage in the body [1, 2]. As a regulator of obesity, LAB helps to reduce fat absorptions, energy intake, the weight of white fat tissue, the average size of adipocytes, modulates intestinal microbiota, as well as inhibits the differentiation of 3TL-LI adipocytes, and the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract [8,9,10,11,12]. Pathogenic bacteria within the gut stimulate production and secretion of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from intestinal epithelial cells, and they bind to cytokine receptors on hepatocytes and adipocytes to trigger the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL6, IL1b, and MCP1). Probiotic therapy with LAB reduced the release of LPS from the intestinal epithelial cells, and it decreases the production of proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue [13]
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