Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the efficacy of Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf extract in serum gel as an antioxidant and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor.
 Methods: The leaves of AK were extracted using the maceration method, while the antioxidant and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and L-Tyrosine as assay and substrate, respectively. Subsequently, the extract was formulated into serum gel and evaluated for physical stability, antioxidant and inhibitory activity to tyrosinase enzyme.
 Results: The results showed that AK leaf extract has antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value = 7.73 mg/ml, while the tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory power had an IC50 value = 500 mg/ml. Based on physical stability, the serum gel was stable after 28 d of storage. The serum gel of AK leaf extract also showed antioxidant activity and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition with IC50 value of 16.68 mg/ml and 741.62 mg/ml, respectively.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the serum gel of AK leaf extract has potential as a skin lightening agent and is safe for use as a topical preparation.
Highlights
The skin as an organ protects the body from harmful effects and damage from the external environment, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays since their effect causes faster skin aging and sunburn [1, 2]
Maceration method was used to protect compounds contained in Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf, which are responsible for the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme and for the antioxidant activity [4]
The AK leaf extract was found to have antioxidant activity with an IC50 value = 7.73 μg/ml, while the activity of AK leaf extract against the tyrosinase enzyme showed inhibition with an IC50 value = 500 μg/ml. This result is almost similar with kojic acid as a positive control with an IC50 value = 3.97 μg/ml for antioxidant activity and IC50 value = 573 μg/ml for tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity
Summary
The skin as an organ protects the body from harmful effects and damage from the external environment, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays since their effect causes faster skin aging and sunburn [1, 2]. The use of Angelica keiskei (AK) leaf extracts as antioxidants and photoprotection help in preventing the effects of UV rays. This leaf contains a pigment known as melanin, which acts as a defence mechanism against harmful factors [3]. The overproduction and accumulation of this pigment could be a serious aesthetic problem of the skin resulting in melasma or age spots. To synthesize this substance, the body requires tyrosinase enzyme to mediate the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), which converts to dopaquinone and eventually melanin. Inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity becomes an important step to controlling its biosynthesis, which helps in preventing hyperpigmentation disorders [4, 5]
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