Abstract
Phenolic compounds that estimate apple extracts with multifaceted biological effects are potentially valuable for protection against skin disorders. The purpose of our research was to formulate gels and emulgels containing a complex of phenolic compounds of apple extracts and to perform a biopharmaceutical evaluation of semi-solid pharmaceutical forms, determining their antioxidant activity in vitro. HPLC analyses of phenolic compounds were performed. The total amount of phenolic compounds found in the sample of apples from the ‘Paprastasis antaninis’ cultivar was 1455.5 ± 72.8 µg/g. The release of phenolics from gels and emulgels was assessed by Franz-type diffusion cells. The in vitro release test revealed that phenolic compounds were released from the gel (G1–G6) formulations (70.6–73.8%) compared to the amounts (77.2–83.9%) released from the emulgel (E1–E6) formulations. The largest amount (83.9%) of phenolic compounds was released from the E5 formulation, while the smallest amounts (70.6%) were released from the formulations G3 and G5. The antioxidant activity evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods observed in all gel (G1–G6) and emulgel (E1–E6) formulations after 6 h were the strongest, compared to the activities observed in the formulations after 2 or 4 h. Gels and emulgels, which are rich in apple extracts, have strong antioxidant properties and may be promising choices for the development of new, innovative pharmaceutical forms or cosmetics.
Highlights
Received: 1 February 2022Malus domestica Borkh. apples are among the most cultivated fruits in the world, with high nutritional value [1,2]
We found that the largest amount (92.2%) of (+)-catechin was released from formulation E5 compared to the amounts of other individual phenolic compounds released from the test formulations (Figure 5, Panel a)
The in vitro release test revealed that the largest total amount of phenolics was released from formulation E5 and that the smallest amount was released from formulations G3 and G5
Summary
Received: 1 February 2022Malus domestica Borkh. apples are among the most cultivated fruits in the world, with high nutritional value [1,2]. Phenolics are a group of bioactive compounds that determine the antioxidant activity of apple extracts by acting as reducing agents and binding free radicals, protecting macromolecular structures from the harmful effects of free radicals [2,4,5]. There is great consumer interest in natural products, which include compounds obtained from fruits, plants, and herbs [5]. Due to their multifaceted biological effects, the phenolic compounds found in apples are interesting candidates for the development of topical dosage forms for pharmaceutical and medical applications
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