Abstract
Objective: The extract of Coffea contains caffeine that could be used for its anticellulite activity. This study aimed to formulate a Coffea arabicagrounds residue extract into a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) gel dosage form and examine the physical stability and in vitro skin penetration of theformulation.Methods: Coffee grounds residue (CGR) extracts were made into three SLN formulations with different glycerin monostearate (GMS) concentrationsof 1%, 2%, and 3%. The SLN F2 formulation was a gel created by high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The in vitro penetration assessed using Franzdiffusion cells and the physical stability of the SLN extract gels was compared with those of the nonsense extract gel.Results: Formulation F2 with 2% GMS had a mean particle size (PS) of 60.3 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.278, and zeta potential of −32±1.40.The PS for the SLN gel after HPH was 159 nm and the PDI was 0.211. Cycling and mechanical tests showed that the SLN gel was physically stable. Thecumulative amount of caffeine penetrated in vitro was 5.55±0.08 for the CGR-SLN gel and 4.18±0.08 for the CGR gel.Conclusions: The amount of caffeine penetrated into rat skin was greater for the CGR-SLN gel than for the CGR gel.
Highlights
Modern big cities have many coffee shops that produce coffee grounds residue (CGR) waste
Materials The following materials were used in this study: CGR extract, standard caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich, US); Carbomer 940, methylparaben, propylparaben, triethanolamine, propylene glycol, Tween 80, glycerin monostearate (GMS), distilled water, methanol, ethanol (Brataco Chemical, Indonesia), and Phospholipon® 90G (Lipoid, Germany)
Ten grams of CGR and 200 mL of distilled water were placed in a beaker, and the mixture was homogenized for 2 min
Summary
Modern big cities have many coffee shops that produce coffee grounds residue (CGR) waste. This waste is mostly discarded and only a small portion has been used as fertilizer. CGR contains organic compounds, such as fatty acids, amino acids, polyphenols, minerals, and polysaccharides [1]. One of the active substances in CGR is caffeine, which is a methylxanthine compound classified as an alkaloid. Caffeine is a stimulant and shows anticellulite activity. The topical administration of caffeine through the hydrophilic stratum corneum (log p=−0.07) is difficult. A delivery system that can enhance the penetration of caffeine through the skin would be useful [2,3]
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