Formula omitted] ratios of modern marine calcite: Empirical indicators of ocean chemistry and precipitation rate

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Holocene biotic and abiotic marine calcite have a similar range of Mg contents (0 to 22 and 4 to 21 mol% MgCO 3, respectively), yet biotic calcite has Sr 2+ concentrations that are consistently 1250 ppm higher than those of abiotic calcite. As in laboratory experiments, a positive linear relation is observed between D Sr and calcite Mg content. This produces two distinct linear trends on a plot of Sr 2+ vs. Mg 2+ concentrations. Principal axes of variation for both trends have similar slopes, yet distinctly different Sr 2+ concentration intercepts. (Biotic: y = 0.024 x + 1298, r 2 = 0.70; Abiotic: y = 0.027 x + 47, r 2 = 0.77). The similar slopes of these trends reflect the constancy of Mg Ca and Sr Ca ratios of modern seawater. Equations describing the dependence of D Sr on calcite Mg content are derived from both trends (Biotic: D Sr = 3.16 x 10 t-6 (ppm Mg) + 0.169; Abiotic: D Sr = 3.52 x 10 −6 (ppm Mg) + 0.0062). Characterization of Sr-Mg trends for Holocene materials allows comparison with analogous trends from ancient samples to estimate relative changes in seawater Mg Ca and Sr Ca ratios. The relatively high Sr contents of biotic calcite result from rapid precipitation rates associated with shell accretion in marine organisms. Calcites precipitated from seawater in laboratory experiments have D sr values that are similar to those of biotic marine calcite, suggesting that both precipitate at approximately the same rate. Our estimates of surface area-normalized precipitation rates in planktonic and benthonic foraminifera are comparable to those of seeded, pH-stat experiments. We conclude that the D Sr values for biotic and experimental marine calcite are kinetically controlled, whereas the lower precipitation rates of abiotic marine calcite yield D Sr values that approximate equilibrium conditions. Experimentally derived equations describing the relation between D Sr and calcite precipitation rate indicate that the offset in Sr content between biotic and abiotic calcite is the result of abiotic precipitation rates that are two to five orders of magnitude lower than those of biotic precipitates. However, observations of naturally occurring marine cements suggest that the five-order-of-magnitude offset best represents natural system processes.