Formation of productivity of apple varieties in Kyiv

Abstract

Growing high harvest of fruit in apple orchards is one of the priority tasks of gardeners in Ukraine. It is important to place the plantations in the most favorable zones for climatic conditions and in areas with appropriate soil conditions for certain apple varieties. This is achieved by introducing high-yielding, earlyfruiting, immune varieties with high fruit qualities, introducing appropriate rootstocks, especially weak and medium-sized, using optimal planting schemes, the correct methods of pruning trees. The aim is to study the productivity of new apple varieties in the Kyiv region. The research was performed during 2020-2021 at the Department of Horticulture prof. V.L. Symyrenko NULES of Ukraine. The experimental base for the research was apple orchards, which are located on the territory of the Training Laboratory "Fruit and Vegetable Garden" of NULES of Ukraine (Kyiv). The research site is located in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In the course of research conducted phenological observations, also, studied the morphological features of young plants, determined the assimilation surface area, counted the number of fruit formations, established the resistance of the studied varieties to the complex of pests and diseases, and determined the economic efficiency of growing new apple varieties in Kyiv region. The most intensive flowering took place in ‘Dmiana’ (9 points), while the other varieties - about (2-6 points). Flowering time was 7 (‘Palanka’, ‘Bahachka’) - 11 days (‘Dzhonahold’). Shoot duration - 67 (‘Palanka’) - 74 days (‘Hold Rash’, ‘Dzhuliia’, ‘Siabrina’, ‘Bahachka’, ‘Dmiana’). The number of fruits tied for the second year in the garden was the highest in the ‘Dmiana’ variety (average 20 pieces / tree). The results of research showed that most of the studied varieties were precocious. Most fruit formations were formed in the varieties ‘Siabrina’ (52 pieces), ‘Hold Rash’ (45 pieces), ‘Harant’ (43 pieces). According to the data obtained, it can be stated that in these varieties for the third year after planting there is an increase in productivity. The studied varieties for the 2nd year after planting have a height of 204 cm (‘Harant’) - 156 cm (‘Rozela’). There is a pattern: the small diameter of the trunk correlates with the small size of the tree itself in the varieties ‘Rubinola’, ‘Hold Rash’, ‘Dzhonahold’, and ‘Rozela’. Varieties with a large trunk circumference are characterized by significant tree growth (‘Berehynia’, ‘Palanka’, ‘Siabrina’, ‘Bahachka’). The exceptions are ‘Harant’ (tall trees with a fairly small trunk circumference) and ‘Dzhuliia’ and ‘Dmiana’ (large trunk circumference at low tree height). The largest leaf surface area was found in the varieties ‘Berehynia’ (1284.32 m2/ ha) and ‘Bahachka’ (1221.08 m2/ ha). ‘Hold Rash’ (218.88 m2/ ha), ‘Rubinola’ (412.0 m2/ ha) and ‘Dzhonahold’ (348.3 m2/ ha) were characterized by weak foliage. From the point of view of profitability it is expedient to grow all varieties. Varieties such as ‘Dmiana’, ‘Dzhuliia’, ‘Dzhonahold’ and ‘Palanka’ have the highest profitability rates (128 %), while ‘Rozela’ and ‘Rubinola’ have the lowest rates (63.6 %). Based on research, all varieties are recommended for cultivation in the Kiev region. Of particular note are the varieties ‘Dmiana’, ‘Dzhuliia’ and ‘Palanka’, which showed the best results in terms of productivity and resistance to a complex of diseases.