Abstract
We investigated the distribution and formation of new lymphatic vessels in gliomas. Specimens from seven glioma cases were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for CD34, lymphatic endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1 (LYVE‐1), prospero‐related homeobox 1 (Prox1), nestin, and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α). Three types of vessels were observed in glioma specimens: LYVE‐1+ lymphatic vessels, CD34+ blood vessels, and LYVE‐1+/CD34+ blood vessels. Prox1+/LYVE‐1+ cells were distributed in some lymphatic vessels as well as among vascular endothelial cells and glioma cells. Nestin+ cells were scattered throughout the gliomas, and some lymphatic cells also expressed nestin. HIF‐1α+ Prox1+ cells were widely distributed within the glioma specimens. The present immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of Prox1 and HIF‐1α in some glioma tissues as well as the differentiation of nestin+ tumor stem cells into LYVE‐1+ lymphatic vessels.
Highlights
Glioma, and the prognosis is worst for patients with GBM, which is associated with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%.2 GBM has a high probability of recurrence, and even with successful initial surgical resection, almost all GBM patients experience tumor recurrence.[4,5,6]
The sections were incubated for 24 h at at 4C in solutions of rabbit anti-human CD34 antibody, rabbit anti-human Prox[1] antibody (1:100), rabbit anti-human hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) antibody 1:100), and goat anti-human LYVE-1 antibody (1:100)
The present immunohistochemical analysis of glioma tissues from seven patients revealed the presence of new lymphatic vessels in gliomas
Summary
Glioma, and the prognosis is worst for patients with GBM, which is associated with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%.2 GBM has a high probability of recurrence, and even with successful initial surgical resection, almost all GBM patients experience tumor recurrence.[4,5,6]. Glioma, and the prognosis is worst for patients with GBM, which is associated with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%.2. Nedergaard et al first discovered how cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue fluids are exchanged and named the lymphatic pathway in 2012.7 Kipnis et al identified the meningeal lymphatic vessels via staining of the whole meninges and revealed the presence of lymphatic endothelial cells, confirming the existence of lymphatic vessels in the brain.[8] whether glioma tissues contain lymphatic vessels remains unknown. We examined the presence and distribution of new lymphatic vessels in glioma samples from seven patients via immunohistochemical staining for the neovascular endothelial cell marker molecule CD34, lymphatic endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1 (LYVE1), prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), the neuroepithelial stem cell protein nestin, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). The presence of lymphatic vessels within glioma tissues may offer a new strategy for the treatment of glioma
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