Abstract
On the surface of the main crystal, positive ions interact with a negative cloud of free electrons and turn into neutral atoms. Neutral atoms having affinity to the electron other than zero additionally capture the electron and become negative ions. It is shown that under the action of ponderomotive forces the crystal surface is noticeably deformed, and it is experimentally confirmed. Besides, it is experimentally proved that three-atomic molecules possess allotropy in distribution of the built-in electric moments. The analysis of different physical models, which describe the thermo-and auto-electric emission of free electrons, is carried out and their inconsistency is shown. Thermal electron and field emission arise due to the temperature population of negative ions on the crystal surface and cluster vibrations in the near-surface layer. Field emission is thermal electron emission from negative ions and the Fermi level, which is transformed due to the action of the external electric field on the work of the surface by ponderomotive forces.
Highlights
In the modern conditions of science and technology development, interest in negative ions has increased significantly
The formation of negative ions is realized in different conditions: 1-when adsorption and spraying of atoms, molecules or clusters on the surface of a solid body surface, which have a noticeable affinity to the electron; 2-in cathode spots of electric discharges and in low-temperature plasma of the arc and spark discharge channel, as well as under the influence of powerful radiant fluxes produced by hot gases and laser radiation; 3-directly on the surface of a solid body of atoms, molecules, clusters of the basic material
In the process of physical or chemical adsorption or by sputtering on the surface of a solid body, a certain proportion of particles is in the form of negative ions
Summary
In the modern conditions of science and technology development, interest in negative ions has increased significantly In this connection, it has been established in [1] that negative ions are formed as a result of the interaction of a free electron with the built-in and induced electrical moment of atoms, molecules and cluster formations. A specific goal has arisen: to create an adequate physical model of the formation of negative ions of the basic material and to justify the conditions when negative ions predominantly determine the physics of the phenomenon It primarily concerns the emission properties of the crystal surfaces.
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