Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) are found in some refined edible oils. It is thought that GEs may be broken down by lipase and release glycidol which has been classified as a genotoxic and carcinogenic compound. GEs are formed during deodorization step in the oil refining process. The deodorizing temperature occurs at temperatures of about 200 to 250°C. The cooking temperature is also around 200°C or higher. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of GEs in edible meat patties cooked using two methods in order to clarify the intake source of GEs. Three ground meat (beef, pork and chicken) patties were heated by gas fired and char-grilling cooking methods. GEs were formed in meat samples cooked with both heating treatments. In particular, a high concentration of GEs was contained in meat samples heated at high temperature using a charcoal grill. The concentration of each GE compound formed by heating treatment contributed to the amount of each corresponding fatty acid in non-treated raw meat samples. From these results, it is suggested that we may normally ingest GE compounds through cooked meat on a daily basis.
Highlights
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), such as glycidyl palmitate (C16:0GE), glycisyl stearate (C18:0-GE), glycidyl oleate (C18:1-GE), glycidyl linoleate (C18:2-GE), and glycidyl linolenate (C18:3-GE), were contained in Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil at high concentration [1]
Representative LC-MS chromatogram of each GEs compound in pork, beef and chicken meat patties cooked by charcoal grill by along with their characteristic ion
At high temperature (250°C), GEs were determinedin pork meat samples cooked for 5 min (34.4 ± 1.5 ng) and 10 min (166.1 ± 6.8 ng/g) and beef meat samples cooked for 10 min (65.7 ± 6.2 ng/g), respectively. These results showed that the amount of GEs formed in meat samples might rise with increasing cooking temperature and time
Summary
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), such as glycidyl palmitate (C16:0GE), glycisyl stearate (C18:0-GE), glycidyl oleate (C18:1-GE), glycidyl linoleate (C18:2-GE), and glycidyl linolenate (C18:3-GE), were contained in Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil at high concentration [1]. It was thought that GEs may be carcinogenic [3,4]. This is because it is understood that GEs are broken down by the action of lipase to produce equimolal glycidol (G), which has a reactive epoxy site in the structure [5,6]. If we ingest 10.0 g per day of DAG oil containing GEs (269 μg/g) [1], the margin of exposure (MOE) of GEs is calculated as 342 value based on comparison of human exposure (0.012 mg/kg bw per day). It is important to estimate the human exposure and toxicities of GEs and G
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