Formalin adulteration in fish: A state-of-the-art review on its prevalence, detection advancements, and affordable device innovations

Abstract

BackgroundFormalin adulteration in fish, driven by financial incentives, involves the illicit use of formaldehyde solution to extend freshness and prevent spoiling. The consumption of contaminated fish poses severe health risks, including respiratory issues, digestive disorders, and an elevated risk of cancer, highlighting the necessity for strict food safety laws. Scope and approachThis paper reviews the extent and magnitude of formalin adulteration in fish and its health implications. It examines the effectiveness of emerging detection technologies in identifying formalin contamination. The review covers advance detection techniques such as spectroscopy, fluorometry, paper-based analytical devices, biosensors, chemical test kits as well as affordable sensors like electrochemical and 2D materials-based gas sensors. Key findingsA comprehensive analysis of the latest developments in formalin detection technologies is presented in this review, assessing their precision, sensitivity, and applicability in various contexts. This article examines the advancement of affordable, easily transportable technologies that have enhanced the availability of real-time monitoring of formalin for customers, authorities, and industry experts. Hence, the analysis underscores the need to foster creativity and consciousness to reduce the hazards linked to the adulteration of fish with formalin. Ultimately, it promotes adopting safer eating habits and the rigorous implementation of food safety regulations.