Abstract
This study presents easily prepared free formaldehyde bio-based foam based on a prepared thermosetting resin comprising tannin–lignin–furfuryl alcohol-glyoxal (TLFG) via mechanical stirring in presence of ether as a foaming agent. The foam was developed through a co-polycondensation reaction of glyoxal and furfuryl alcohol with condensed tannin and lignin, which is a forest-derived product. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed more closed-cell structure without cracks and collapse in the TLFG foam, with a higher apparent density with respect to tannin–furanic–formaldehyde (TFF) foam. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations revealed that the curing process of TLFG foam proceeds easily even at a lower temperature. Additionally, it acquired higher heat resistance than TFF foam. Moreover, TLFG has a more robust chemical network structure, which contributes efficiently to the mechanical strength and a lower pulverization degree compared with TFF-derived foam. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) proved that the cross-inking reactions between tannin, lignin, furfuryl alcohol, and glyoxal have been proceeded efficiently.
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