Abstract
Forests assume a great socioeconomic and environmental importance, requiring good management decisions to value and care for these natural resources. In Portugal, forest land use accounts for 34.5% of the continental area. The softwood species with the highest representation is maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Traditionally, the species is managed as pure and even-aged stands for timber production, with a rotation age of 45 to 50 years. Depending on the initial stand density, the stands are thinned 2 to 4 times during the rotation period. Disturbances associated with forest fires have a negative impact on the age structure of stands over time, as they result in a narrow range of stand ages. This age homogenization over large forest areas increases with the recurrence and size of forest fires, bringing new challenges to forest management, namely the difficulty in ensuring the long-term sustainability of the wood supply. The problem aggravates with the increasing demand pressure on pine wood. This article aims to suggest a framework of DSS for Pinus pinaster that can effectively support the management of forest areas under these circumstances, i.e., narrow age ranges and high demand of harvested timber volume. A communal woodland area in the Northern region of Portugal affected by forest fires was selected as a study case. The Modispinaster model was used as the basis of the DSS, to simulate growth scenarios and interventions along the optional rotation period. Two clear-cut ages were considered: 25 and 40 years. The results obtained were the input data for an integer linear programming (ILP) model to obtain the plan that maximizes the volume of timber harvested in the study area, during the planning horizon. The ILP model has constraints bounding the area of clearings, and sustainability, operational and forestry restrictions. The computational results are a powerful tool for guidance in the decision-making of scheduling and forecasting the execution of interventions determining the set of stands that are exploited according to the different scenarios and the period in which the clear-cut is made throughout the planning horizon. Considering all constraints, the solution allows a balanced extraction of a total of 685 m3·ha−1, over the 50-year horizon, as well as the representation of all age classes at the end of the planning period.
Highlights
Forests play important roles and functions, including watershed protection, prevention of soil erosion and mitigation of climate change
We considered a stand density regulation model based on the stand density index (SDI), as defined for maritime pine by Luis and Fonseca (2004) [32], ranging from 35% to 55%
The upper bound on the last class is in accordance with the maximum age that the stands can achieve during the planning horizon
Summary
Forests play important roles and functions, including watershed protection, prevention of soil erosion and mitigation of climate change. Inside the four major categories of ecosystem services of provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services, one major benefit of the forest, which is the main focus of this study, is wood production and the supply of timber. This activity is directly linked to the production chain (saw milling, carpentry for construction, wood packaging, furniture and other wood products) and can be of particular economic relevance in many countries. This planning procedure goes beyond traditional “forest regulation,” leading to the need for intelligent management of unbalanced forest structures [1] and of specific and advanced tools
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