Abstract
In Canada, forest biosecurity is primarily under federal jurisdiction as the federal government is the signatory to the International Plant Protection Convention and other international trade agreements. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), which is Canada’s National Plant Protection Organization, has the mandate of analyzing risks, setting policy, and managing incursion responses related to forest biosecurity. Other federal government agencies play important roles; the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) enforces regulations at international ports of entry and the Canadian Forest Service of Natural Resources Canada conducts research and analysis in support of the development and implementation of phytosanitary regulations. The provinces and territories also manage invasive species through implementing regulations to prevent the spread of established forest pests. This paper outlines the regulatory framework for forest biosecurity within Canada, and provides case studies of species that have invaded Canadian forests or are anticipated to do so in the near future.
Highlights
TO CANADIAN FORESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENTIn Canada forests cover approximately 347 million hectares (90% of which is publically owned), representing 40% of Canada’s land cover, and comprising 9% of the world’s forest area
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reviewed biosecurity approaches and definitions across organizations and countries (Quinlan et al, 2016); a harmonized definition of the term has not been adopted into International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 5, the Glossary of phytosanitary terms (IPPC Secretariat, 2021a)
The terms biosecurity approach and phytosanitary measure mean “any legislation, regulation or official procedure having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests” (IPPC Secretariat, 2021a). Commodities such as plants for planting, which are plants intended to remain planted, to be planted or replanted (IPPC Secretariat, 2020), may be subject to inspection and audit sampling on arrival in Canada to verify compliance with Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) requirements
Summary
In Canada forests cover approximately 347 million hectares (90% of which is publically owned), representing 40% of Canada’s land cover, and comprising 9% of the world’s forest area. The land mass of Canada ranges from 42◦N to 83◦N latitude and from 53◦W to 141◦W longitude, encompassing a wide variety of ecozones and forest regions (Figure 1). While the majority of Canada’s forested land comprises naturally regenerated forest, 5% is planted forest (FAO, 2020). These forested lands are important to Canadians and the world for water regulation, carbon sequestration, habitat for biological diversity and the economy. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reviewed biosecurity approaches and definitions across organizations and countries (Quinlan et al, 2016); a harmonized definition of the term has not been adopted into International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 5, the Glossary of phytosanitary terms (IPPC Secretariat, 2021a). In the FAO Biosecurity Toolkit book, biosecurity is defined as “a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory frameworks
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