Abstract
Indigenous populations are often at higher risk for foodborne illness than the general Canadian population. To investigate the extent of the literature on the link between food safety and the occurrence of foodborne and waterborne illness in Canadian Indigenous populations. A scoping review was conducted using search strings in five databases and grey literature to identify all papers that studied a Canadian Indigenous population and referred to any potential associations between food safety (including consumption and preparation of traditional foods and retail foods) or water safety practices and food or waterborne illness. Two authors screened papers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included documents were analyzed for emergent themes. From 1,718 unique records identified, 21 documents were selected. Foodborne illness was most common in children up to 14 years old. Walrus, seal, caribou and whale were the most common traditional foods tied to foodborne illness and were primarily associated with botulism and trichinosis. Aside from consuming the food raw, fermentation was the most common traditional preparation method linked to foodborne illness. There was concern about the safety of retail food but no clear link was identified with foodborne illness. Lastly, although there was concern about tap water, the use of alternate water sources, such as untreated brook water, and hygiene and cleaning practices in communities with boil water advisories were the most common risk behaviours associated with waterborne illness. Consumption of certain game meats, as well as the use of traditional fermentation practices may lead to an increased risk of foodborne illness among Indigenous populations. Concern about tap water may lead to use of unsafe alternate water sources. Further research is needed to examine potential culturally appropriate food and water safety opportunities.
Highlights
Foodborne and waterborne illness are important public health issues worldwide, with morbidity and mortality affecting both developed and developing countries [1,2]
Consumption of certain game meats, as well as the use of traditional fermentation practices may lead to an increased risk of foodborne illness among Indigenous populations
First we established the research question: “What is currently known about the connection between food safety and occurrence of foodborne/waterborne illness in the Canadian Indigenous population?” Food safety was defined as the handling, preparation and storage of food to preserve the quality of the food and prevent contamination [11] and included the preparation and consumption of traditional foods
Summary
Foodborne and waterborne illness are important public health issues worldwide, with morbidity and mortality affecting both developed and developing countries [1,2]. The burden of foodborne illness is not distributed as the risk of enteric illness is believed to be higher in many Indigenous communities compared to the national average [5]. Likewise, these communities face increased risk of waterborne illnesses, due to environmental factors [6]. A large proportion of Indigenous people are included in the groups at most risk: infants, young children, pregnant women and the elderly [7]. Another reason for the higher prevalence can be linked to preparation methods and consumption of traditional foods. Indigenous populations are often at higher risk for foodborne illness than the general Canadian population
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