Pengambilan Makanan dalam Kalangan Warga Emas yang Mengalami Ketakjaminan Makanan di Penempatan Pertanian di Lubuk Merbau, Kedah

Food Insecurity on College and University Campuses: A Context and Rationale for Solutions

Who Eats, Where, What, and How? COVID-19, Food Security, and Canadian Foodscapes

Background Food insecurity is a growing public health concern. Disabled people are at higher risk of food insecurity than non-disabled people. Evidence suggests this diminishes for older people. We examine how the relationship between disability and food insecurity varies at different ages and explore the extent to which socio-economic factors account for and modify the relationship. Methods Data came from the fourth and fifth waves of the UK's Food Standards Agency's Food and You survey (n = 6,187), which contain data on disability and household food insecurity. We explored predicted probabilities of food insecurity from logistic regression models between disabled and non-disabled people for 10-year age cohorts. Stratified analyses, further explored differences in vulnerability to food insecurity at working age and 65+. Results Predicted probability of food insecurity for disabled people declined with age, as did the gap in risk between disabled and non-disabled people. The predicted probability of food insecurity among disabled people under 65 was 23% (95% CI: 19%-27%), whereas for disabled people 65+, it was 5% (95% CI: 3%-7%). Among people of working age, socio-economic factors explained some, but not all, of the increased risk of food insecurity associated with disability. Disabled people in full-time work were still significantly more likely to be food insecure than non-disabled people in work: 15% (95% CI: 11%-20%) vs 8 % (95% CI: 6%-9%) respectively. Among older adults, disabled people with savings were not at significantly higher risk of food insecurity, whereas those without savings were: 0.4% (95% CI: 0.4%-1%) vs 5% (95% CI: 3%-7%), respectively. Conclusions Findings indicate the increased risk of food insecurity for disabled people is partially explained by socio-economic factors. However, there is a need for further research to explain unobserved risk factors for food insecurity among disabled people of working age especially. Key messages • Socioeconomic factors play an important role in disabled people's increased risk of food insecurity. • Observed socioeconomic factors alone do not fully explain increased risk of food insecurity among working age disabled people. More research is needed.

Comparing Food Security Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations When Choosing Measures

The US homeless population is aging. Older adults and those living in poverty are at a high risk of food insecurity. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a population-based study of 350 homeless adults aged ≥50. We assessed food security and receipt of food assistance. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine factors associated with very low food security. The majority of the cohort was male and African American. Over half (55.4%) met criteria for food insecurity, 24.3% reported very low food security. Half (51.7%) reported receiving monetary food assistance. In the multivariable model, those who were primarily sheltered in the prior 6 months, (multi-institution users [AOR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.86]) had less than half the odds of very low food security compared with those who were unsheltered. Depressive symptoms (AOR = 3.01, 1.69-5.38), oral pain (AOR = 2.15, 1.24-3.74) and cognitive impairment (AOR = 2.21, 1.12-4.35) were associated with increased odds of very low food security. Older homeless adults experience a high prevalence of food insecurity. To alleviate food insecurity in this population, targeted interventions must address specific risk groups.

COVID-19 infection has caused high rates of morbi-mortality in older adults (OAs). In addition, conditions such as depression, anxiety, unemployment, and poverty frequently contribute to this population being at higher risk of food insecurity (FI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of FI and its association with depressive and anxiety symptoms in Mexican OAs during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study involved a secondary analysis of the National Survey on the Effects of COVID-19 on the Wellbeing of Mexican Households (ENCOVID-19), a series of cross-sectional telephone surveys conducted between April and October 2020. The OA subsample was 1,065. FI was measured by using the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA), and depression and anxiety symptoms were measured by using the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CESD-7) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2), respectively. Socioeconomic status (SES), occupation, schooling, and pension were also evaluated. ANOVA was used to compare the variables between the different FI groups, and logistic regression was used to analyze the risk between FI and the anxiety and depression variables. The mean age of the participants was 67.31 ± 6.4 years, and FI was classified as mild, moderate, and severe, with prevalences of 38.6, 15.04, and 8.16%, respectively. Overall, 28.01% of the OAs presented symptoms of anxiety and 39.09% of depression. In the comparison between groups, a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms was observed with a higher degree of FI, with 65.75% in moderate-to-severe, 10.39% in mild, and 9.40% without FI, p ≤ 0.000. Regarding anxiety symptoms, 48% of the OAs showed moderate-to-severe, 30.05% showed mild, and 15.38% were without FI, p ≤ 0.000. Using multiple logistic regression, an OR of 5.50 (95% CI 2.74-11.04) was observed for depressive symptoms when moderate-to-severe FI is present. In the case of the risk of anxiety symptoms, it was significant in all degrees of FI, in mild (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.66-3.59) and in moderate-to-severe (OR = 5.32, 95% CI 3.45-8.19). There is a high prevalence of FI in Mexican OAs during the COVID-19 pandemic. FI increases the risk of other conditions such as depression and anxiety. It is important to design and implement programs aimed at OAs with these conditions to reduce or prevent FI.

P55 Food Security at a Private, Midwestern University During COVID-19

Food security is a crucial issue for sustainable development and is highly influenced by multidimensional poverty. This study measures food security and multidimensional poverty in Kalimantan Island, analyzes the determinants of household food security through a multilevel approach, and explores the influence of multidimensional poverty and regional context on food security. Data were obtained from the March 2022 National Socio-Economic Survey, comprising 33,201 households and integrated with district-level characteristics. Multidimensional poverty was measured using the Alkire-Foster method, while food security was measured based on energy consumption and the proportion of food expenditure. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression was employed to examine both household and regional determinants. The results showed that 46.6% of households were food secure, while the rest were either vulnerable or food insecure. Household head education, saving ownership, and internet access significantly increased the likelihood of food security, while households with more than four members and multidimensional poor have a higher risk of food insecurity. At the regional level, agricultural villages and poor road conditions exhibited negative correlation with food security. Based on these findings, policies are recommended to strengthen food security through multidimensional poverty alleviation, green economic development, and infrastructure enhancement of regions that support the IKN.

The Need for Investment in Rigorous Interventions to Improve Child Food Security

The first year of life is a critical period when nutrient intakes can affect long-term health outcomes. Although household food insecurity may result in inadequate nutrient intakes or a higher risk of obesity, no studies have comprehensively assessed nutrient intakes of infants from food insecure households. This study aimed to investigate how infant nutrient intakes and body mass index (BMI) differ by household food security. Cross-sectional analysis of the First Foods New Zealand study of infants aged 7-10 months. Two 24-hour diet recalls assessed nutrient intakes. "Usual" intakes were calculated using the Multiple Source Method. BMI z-scores were calculated using World Health Organization Child Growth Standards. Dunedin and Auckland, New Zealand. Households with infants (n=604) classified as: severely food insecure, moderately food insecure, or food secure. Nutrient intakes of food insecure and food secure infants were similar, aside from slightly higher free and added sugars intakes in food insecure infants. Energy intakes were adequate, and intakes of most nutrients investigated were likely to be adequate. Severely food insecure infants had a higher mean BMI z-score than food secure infants, although no significant differences in weight categories (underweight; healthy weight; overweight) were observed between groups. Household food insecurity, in the short term, does not appear to adversely impact the nutrient intakes and weight status of infants. However, mothers may be protecting their infants from potential nutritional impacts of food insecurity. Future research should investigate how food insecurity affects nutrient intakes of the entire household.

Assessments of the severity of food insecurity within Australian university students are lacking, and the experience of food insecurity in Australian university staff is unknown. A cross-sectional online survey in March 2022 aimed to characterize the severity of food insecurity in students, professional and academic staff at the University of Tasmania (UTAS). The Household Food Security Survey Module six-item short form assessed food security status in addition to seven demographic and education characteristics for students and six demographic and employment characteristics for staff. Participants were categorized as having high, marginal, low, or very low food security. Multivariate binary logistic regression identified students and staff at higher risk of food insecurity. Among student respondents (n = 1257), the prevalence of food insecurity was 41.9% comprising 8.2% marginal, 16.5% low, and 17.3% very low food security. Younger, non-binary, first-year enrolled, on campus, and international students were at significantly higher risk of food insecurity. Among staff (n = 560), 16.3% were food insecure comprising 3.8% marginal, 5.5% low, and 7.0% very low food security. Professional staff, staff on casual contracts, and staff recently employed, were at significantly higher risk of food insecurity. Our findings suggest a high occurrence of food insecurity in UTAS students and staff, with a large proportion of food insecure staff and students experiencing very low food security. Our findings have implications for efforts towards reducing food insecurity at university campuses through a holistic and integrated approach, advocating for food systems that support healthy, sustainable, and equitable food procurement and provision for both university students and staff.

Despite many interventions, Togo continues to have one of the highest rates of poverty and food insecurity in the sub-Saharan African region. Currently there is no systematic analysis of the factors associated with household food-insecurity in this country. This study aimed at exploring the factors associated with food insecurity in Togo. This was a cross-sectional study that used data from five waves (2014 to 2018) of the Gallup World Poll (GWP) for Togo. Sample size included 4754 participants, aged 15 and above. Food insecurity was measured using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) questionnaire as per the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) guidelines. Our outcome variable was food insecurity, categorized as: 1) food secure (FIES score = 0-3), moderately food insecure (FIES score = 4-6), and severely food insecure (FIES score = 7-8). We did descriptive and multinomial regressions to analyze data using Stata version 16. Between 2014 and 2018, the percentage of severe food insecurity fluctuated-42.81% in 2014, 37.79% in 2015, 38.98% in 2016, 45.41% in 2017, and 33.84% in 2018. Whereas that of moderate food insecurity increased from 23.55% to 27.33% except for 2016 and 2017 where the percentage increased to 32.33% and 27.46% respectively. In the logistic regression analysis, we found that respondents with lower than elementary education had a higher relative risk ratio of moderate (RRR = 1.45,95%CI = 1.22-1.72) and severe (RRR = 1.72, 95%CI = 1.46-2.02) food insecurity compared to those with secondary and higher education. Rural respondents had higher RRR of severe food insecurity (RRR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.16-1.62) compared to those who lived in the urban areas. Compared with those in the richest wealth quintile, respondents in the poorest wealth quintile had 2.21 times higher RRR of moderate (RRR = 2.21, 95%CI = 1.69-2.87) and 3.58 times higher RRR of severe (RRR = 3.58, 95%CI = 2.81-4.55) food insecurity. About two-thirds of participants experienced some level of food insecurity in 2018. Lower levels of education, rural residency and poorer household wealth index areas were associated with a higher risk of food insecurity. National food security programs should focus on promoting education and improving socioeconomic condition of people especially in rural areas.

BackgroundThe relationship between disability and food insecurity is under-researched. Risk of food insecurity may vary by type and number of disabilities. We examine the hypotheses that (i) a higher number of disabilities increases risk of food insecurity and (ii) associations of physical disabilities, mental/cognitive disabilities or a combination of both types with food insecurity may differ in strength.MethodsData came from the fifth wave of the UK’s Food Standards Agency’s Food and You survey (2018), which contains detailed information on disability and household food insecurity. We used logistic and multinomial logistic regression to model the number and type of disabilities as predictors for food insecurity outcomes, controlling for socio-demographic factors.ResultsBoth type and number of disabilities predicted food insecurity. Every additional disability was associated with higher odds of food insecurity [odds ratio (OR): 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40–1.83]. Among people with a disability, every additional disability was associated with 19% higher odds of food insecurity (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–1.34). People with both physical and mental/cognitive disabilities had increased odds of severe food insecurity (OR: 8.97, 95% CI: 3.54–22.7).ConclusionNumber and type of disabilities are associated with higher risk of food insecurity. A combination of physical and mental/cognitive disabilities, as well as having multiple disabilities are each independently associated with higher risk of food insecurity. Policy-makers may thus consider using targeted and tailored policies to reduce barriers to social and financial inclusion of disabled people to reduce food insecurity.

PurposeElderly people are at higher risk of food insecurity because of limited or uncertain inaccessibility to adequate food supply. This is not only as a result of economic limitation but also as the outcome of the inability to intake food because of cognitive or functional impairment and health problems. Because of the lack of data about food insecurity and depression among the elderly population in Iran, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between socioeconomic factors and depression with food insecurity among the elderly population.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was performed in 2016 on 720 elderly people of Qarchak city that were selected by the proportional stratified sampling method. Food insecurity was evaluated using the FaCPS-FSSM food security questionnaire; Geriatric Depression Scale questionnaire to measure the score of depression and the socioeconomic questionnaire filled out during interviews. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 22 software.FindingsFood insecurity was found in 396 (56.1%) of the elderly population. Food insecure elderly population had lower education (P < 0.001). While the percentage of educated individuals who were in food security was 53.2%, the percentage for not educated participants was 28.7%. Household economic status (P < 0.001). Data showed 64.6% of individuals with the normal economic condition were in food security, and the percent for the poor economic condition was 37.2%. Food insecurity was highly associated with depression in the elderly population (odds ratio: 4.76, 8.92 and 3.32 for mild, moderate and severe hunger, respectively, P < 0.001).Originality/valueFood insecurity is related to low economic status and education. The results of this study indicated that food help from governmental organizations, charities and having health insurance may be associated with reduced risk of food insecurity in the elderly population and consequently lower depression prevalence among them.

Food security describes the concept of having access to food under the aspect of nutritional well-being (1). In contrast, food insecurity occurs when individuals do not have adequate physical, social, or economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (2). A large body of research has identified risk factors for food insecurity, including income, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and has suggested that the association between health and food insecurity may be bidirectional (3). Although the association between food insecurity and some chronic health conditions has been previously examined, little is known about the association between migraine and food insecurity. Previous studies have suggested that specific food items may be triggering factors for migraine (4,5) and individuals with migraine have or develop a specific food utilization pattern (6) suggesting an interplay between migraine and food intake. Additionally, migraine and food insecurity both share associations with factors like socioeconomic status, body weight, and depression. In this issue of Cephalalgia, Dooley and colleagues evaluate the cross-sectional association between food insecurity and migraine in a Canadian community health survey (7). Among those who reported a physician-diagnosed migraine, 14.8% experienced food insecurity while only 6.8% of those not reporting migraine experienced food insecurity (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0–2.8). The authors also explored whether variables previously associated with food insecurity in other populations were associated with food insecurity among those who reported migraine. Age, gender, total household income, family size, owning one’s dwelling, self-perceived health, and reported mood disorder were all associated with food insecurity among migraineurs. After adjusting for these factors, the association between migraine and food insecurity persisted. The authors also explored whether food insecurity was unique to migraine or if other conditions were also associated with food insecurity. They observed that asthma and arthritis were also associated with food insecurity but bowel disorders and diabetes were not associated with it. The results of this study lead to the following conclusions. First, the factors affecting food insecurity among migraineurs are similar to those seen in previous studies of other populations. Second, previously identified factors for food insecurity cannot account for the association between migraine and food insecurity. Third, although migraine was associated with food insecurity, the association between other chronic health conditions and food insecurity suggests that this association is not unique and may be due to the chronic nature and functional consequences of migraine rather than the specific biological mechanisms which cause it. While this study helps to highlight the higher prevalence of food insecurity among migraineurs compared to those without migraine, several questions remain. First, due to its cross-sectional nature, the authors are not able to determine whether food insecurity precedes migraine or occurs after migraine. Second, food insecurity was measured at the household level while migraine was measured at the individual level. We do not know if the health conditions of other members of the household may be the underlying cause of the food insecurity. Third, the authors only examined previously identified risk factors for food insecurity and did not examine whether migraineurs may have additional risk factors for food insecurity compared to the general population. Another unanswered question is if some migraineurs are at higher risk for food insecurity than other migraineurs. For example, are those who experience higher migraine frequency or a higher morbidity burden at increased risk for food insecurity? Better understanding of the underlying causes of food insecurity among migraineurs and the role that