Food Insecurity Is not Associated With Lower Energy Intakes

We assessed the association between distribution of energy intake and total daily energy intake among individuals with type 2 diabetes, using data from 1219 men and women who completed the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). History of diabetes was self‐reported. Daily energy intake, overall and by meal (breakfast, lunch, dinner) and snack, was estimated from a 24‐h food frequency questionnaire. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the association between percent of daily energy intake at each meal and snack with daily energy intake. Models were controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, body mass index and physical activity. Intake of energy (mean ± standard deviation), as percent of total daily intake, at breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack was 22.9% ± 15.7%, 23.2% ± 20.0%, 35.2% ± 21.3%, and 12.4% ± 16.3%, respectively. A larger breakfast (≥ 20% vs. <10% of total daily calories) was associated with 293 ± 104 (mean ± standard error) kilocalories lower total daily energy intake. No association was found between meal size at lunch, dinner or snack and total energy intake. The results suggest a possible role of food pattern in daily intake of energy. Consuming a higher energy breakfast may help decrease the overall daily intake of energy, which is critical for management of type 2 diabetes.

To assess the association between breakfast energy and total daily energy intake among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Cross-sectional study. Daily energy intake was computed from a 24 h dietary recall. Multiple regression models were used to estimate the association between daily energy intake (dependent variable) and quartiles of energy intake at breakfast (independent variable), expressed in either absolute or relative (percentage of total daily energy intake) terms. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to test for linear and quadratic trends. Models were controlled for sex, age, race/ethnicity, BMI, physical activity and smoking. In addition, we used separate multiple regression models to test the effect of quartiles of absolute and relative breakfast energy on energy intake at lunch, dinner and snacks. The 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Participants aged ≥30 years with self-reported history of diabetes (n 1146). Daily energy intake increased as absolute breakfast energy intake increased (linear trend, P<0·0001; quadratic trend, P=0·02), but decreased as relative breakfast energy intake increased (linear trend, P<0·0001). In addition, while higher quartiles of absolute breakfast intake had no associations with energy intake at subsequent meals, higher quartiles of relative breakfast intake were associated with lower energy intake during all subsequent meals and snacks (P<0·05). Consuming a breakfast that provided less energy or comprised a greater proportion of daily energy intake was associated with lower total daily energy intake in adults with type 2 diabetes.

aily cycles of light and dark due to the rotation ofthe earth around its axis have dictated how life hasevolved on Earth. Organisms have thus developedthe ability to predict these 24-h cycles by developing anendogenous circadian clock, which is entrained to externalcues. In mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled andgeneratedbythecentralormastercircadianclocklocatedinthe suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)of the anterior hypothala-mus in the brain [1]. This master clock consists of multiplesingle-cellcircadianoscillatorsthataresynchronizedto24hby environmental factors, primarily dark/light and alsotemperature and food. The retina perceives the dark/lightcycleinformationandtransmitsthissignaltotheSCNviatheretinohypothalamic tract. The SCN then transmits theseinputs to peripheral oscillators located outside the SCN.Such peripheral oscillators exist in nearly all peripheraltissues such as liver, adipose, pancreas, muscle and blood.Therefore, circadian rhythms have been described for vir-tually all physiological and biochemical processes, includ-ing behavioural ones [2].The SCN may influence the cardiovascular systemprimarily through multisynaptic neural projections to theheart,adrenalcortex,kidneysandvasculatureandresultantneural or endocrine effects, and secondarily by circadianinfluences on behaviours such as sleep and activity andfeeding patterns [3]. Thus, the master SCN clock sendsperiodic signals to the peripheral oscillators in order toprevent dampening of circadian rhythms, but a complexreciprocal relationship seems also to exist. Indeed, alteredbehaviours, for example when sleeping or food intake isdesynchronized from normal circadian patterns, seem toaffect the peripheral oscillators or clocks in particular,resulting in metabolic processes that are decoupled fromthe primarily light-driven SCN [4,5]. In addition, the multi-plicityofperipheralclocksinthehumanorganismhasbeenfound to comprise networks that both control circadianprocessesandaretightlyconnectedtometabolicandneuralcontrol networks, such that disturbance of one affects theother. Hence, misalignment of circadian rhythms in theSCN and peripheral tissues may constitute an importantunderling factor for a variety of metabolic and vasculardisorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetesand hypertension [4,6,7]. Adverse cardiometabolic end-points including higher glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin,glucagon-like peptide-1, cortisol, blood pressure (BP)and catecholamines have been reported as results ofmisalignments invoked by food intake/irregular meal fre-quency (for comprehensive reviews see, for instance[1,2,4]). This new evidence illustrates how knowledge onchronobiology, that is the circadian influences on mech-anisms involved in metabolic and cardiovascular disease,and their interaction with behavioural influences, may beimportant for optimizing preventive lifestyle measures orpharmacological therapy [8,9]. For instance, preventingadversebehaviouraltriggersatspecificvulnerablecircadiantimes [4] or prescribing ingestion of medicines at specifictimes in anticipation of vulnerable periods [9,10] maymaximize their beneficial effects. Currently, such timedmeasures or chronotherapy constitute new avenues ofresearchforthepreventionandtreatmentofmanydiseases,including asthma, arthritis, cancer and seasonal affectivedisorder [11].Chronotherapy has been recommended for the treat-ment of major cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperten-sion [11] and dyslipidaemia [10], though typically in thecontext of pharmacotherapy. Timing of meals may con-stitute one such lifestyle therapeutical tool as well. In fact,some form of dietary chronotherapy is already imple-mented in metabolic diseases such as diabetes, whereinthe timing of meals is particularly important, as patientsneed to coordinate insulin administration with calorieintake. Interestingly, in recognition of the chronobiologicalaspects of nutrition, Franz Halberg [12] called for researchon the ‘when to eat’ question more than two decades ago.Currently, the beneficial chronobiological effects of foodintake (e.g. meal time, frequency and regularity) are beingsubject of intensive research as a potential additional or

Food Insecurity on College and University Campuses: A Context and Rationale for Solutions

Mood and appetite: Their relationship with discretionary and total daily energy intake

Reduced intake of sweetened caloric beverages (SCBs) is recommended to lower total energy intake. Replacing SCBs with non-caloric diet beverages does not automatically lower energy intake, however. Compensatory increases in other food or beverages reportedly negate benefits of diet beverages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate drinking water as an alternative to SCBs. Secondary analysis of data from the Stanford A TO Z intervention evaluated change in beverage pattern and total energy intake in 118 overweight women (25 to 50 years) who regularly consumed SCBs (>12 ounces/d) at baseline. At baseline and 2, 6, and 12 months, mean daily beverage intake (SCBs, drinking water, non-caloric diet beverages, and nutritious caloric beverages), food composition (macronutrient, water, and fiber content), and total energy intake were estimated using three 24-hour diet recalls. Beverage intake was expressed in relative terms (percentage of beverages). In fixed effects models that controlled for total beverage intake, non-caloric and nutritious caloric beverage intake (percentage of beverages), food composition, and energy expenditure [metabolic equivalent (MET)], replacing SCBs with drinking water was associated with significant decreases in total energy intake that were sustained over time. The caloric deficit attributable to replacing SCBs with water was not negated by compensatory increases in other food or beverages. Replacing all SCBs with drinking water was associated with a predicted mean decrease in total energy of 200 kcal/d over 12 months. The results suggest that replacing SCBs with drinking water can help lower total energy intake in overweight consumers of SCBs motivated to diet.

Effects of energy density and feeding frequency of complementary foods on total daily energy intakes and consumption of breast milk by healthy breastfed Bangladeshi children

The adipocyte-derived hormones leptin [which circulates in a free form and bound to a soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R)], adiponectin, and resistin play a key role in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism. We assessed the association between body composition, total energy, and macronutrient intake and serum leptin, sOB-R, free leptin index, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in 61 female and 53 male consecutively enrolled healthy Greek students. In this cross-sectional study, total energy and macronutrient intake were determined using 3-d food records. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis; fasting blood samples were taken for the measurement of total leptin, sOB-R, adiponectin, and resistin; and the ratio leptin/sOB-R was used as an index of free leptin. Serum sOB-R concentrations were lower in the female subjects compared with the males (27.24 +/- 29.06 vs. 50.14 +/- 39.74 ng/ml, P < 0.001), whereas leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations were significantly higher in females (leptin: 9.93 +/- 6.01 vs. 3.27 +/- 2.54 ng/ml, P < 0.001; adiponectin: 11.40 +/- 6.73 micro g/ml vs. 4.90 +/- 2.79 micro g/ml; P < 0.001; resistin: 16.86 +/- 5.39 ng/ml in females vs. 14.00 +/- 7.16 ng/ml in males, P < 0.02). Simple regression analysis showed that, in both genders, leptin, free leptin index, adiponectin, and resistin correlated positively with body fat mass and negatively with waist to hip ratio. sOB-R correlated negatively with body fat mass and positively with waist to hip ratio. Multiple regression analysis models controlling for gender, body fat, and total energy intake demonstrated that sOB-R is positively associated with energy intake from carbohydrates and negatively with energy intake from dietary fat, whereas free leptin index is negatively associated with energy intake from carbohydrates and positively with energy intake from dietary fat. No statistically significant correlations were observed between serum adiponectin or resistin concentrations and total energy or macronutrient intake. Thus, total energy intake and macronutrient composition of the diet are associated with sOB-R and free leptin index but do not play a role of comparable significance in predicting adiponectin and resistin concentrations in healthy young subjects.

Background/ObjectivesMaternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and gestational diabetes (GDM) are associated with increased fat deposition in adult offspring. The purpose of this study was to identify if maternal pre-pregnancy overweight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2) or GDM are associated with dietary quality or intake in adult offspring.Subjects/MethodsParticipants (n = 882) from two longitudinal cohort studies (ESTER Maternal Pregnancy Disorders Study and the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study) completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at a mean age of 24.2 years (SD 1.3). Diet quality was evaluated by a Recommended Finnish Diet Index (RDI). The study sample included offspring of normoglycaemic mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (ONO = 155), offspring of mothers with GDM regardless of BMI (OGDM = 190) and offspring of mothers with normal weight and no GDM (controls; n = 537).ResultsAmong men, daily energy and macronutrient intakes were similar in ONO and controls. However, after adjusting for current offspring characteristics, including BMI, daily carbohydrate intake relative to total energy intake was higher in ONO-men [2.2 percentages of total energy intake (95% confidence interval 0.4, 4.0)]. In ONO-women, macronutrient intakes relative to total energy intake were similar with controls, while total daily energy intake seemed lower [−587.2 kJ/day (−1192.0, 4.4)]. After adjusting for confounders, this difference was attenuated. Adherence to a healthy diet, as measured by RDI, was similar in ONO and controls [mean difference: men 0.40 (−0.38, 1.18); women 0.25 (−0.50, 1.00)]. In OGDM vs. controls, total energy and macronutrient intakes were similar for both men and women. Also adherence to a healthy diet was similar [RDI: men 0.09 (−0.62, 0.80); women −0.17 (−0.93, 0.59)].ConclusionsOur study suggested higher daily carbohydrate intake in male offspring exposed to maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, compared with controls. Prenatal exposure to GDM was not associated with adult offspring dietary intakes.

Countries in the Asia-Pacific region differ widely with respect to their nutritional intake and nutritional status. The highest daily energy and proportion of fat intakes of the population is shown by the New Zealanders (total energy 3475 Kcals; fat proportion 37.2% or 1293 Kcals), while the lowest is the Siamese (total energy 2288 Kcals; fat proportion 13.1% or 300 Kcals). The Indonesian on the other hand, is at the third from the bottom (total energy 2631 Kcals; proportion of fat is 14.5% or 381.9 Kcals). Animal fat contributes to 29.7% (1033 Kcals) of the total daily energy intake of the New Zealanders (total 3475 Kcals), and the mortality rate coronary heart disease (CHD) is also the highest (228 per 100,000 populations for men and 173 for women). In contrast, the proportion of animal fat in Indonesian menu is only 1.47% (38.7 Kcals) of the total daily energy intake, while the CHD mortality rate is still below 50 per 100,000 for both men and women. Compared to the same values fifteen years before, animal fat intake of the New Zealanders has a decrease of 90%, Australian 88%, Philippines 99%, however the Indonesian on the other hand, has an increase of 157%. In New Zealand and Australia, the proportion of mortality attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD) for men accounts for over 40% of total mortality. Japan however, the proportion mortality rate for CVD is only less than 30% of total mortality. In this level, Japan places itself among less industrialized group such as Malaysia and the Philippines. In the case of cerebrovascular (stroke) mortality however, Japan belongs to the highest category group. It seems that apart of high fat intake, stress and possibly also other factors play a major role in the development of stroke. The mean Indonesian total energy intake is 2631 Kcals, consisting of 8.7% protein (228.9 Kcals, 52.2 g), 76.8% carbohydrate (2020 Kcals, 505 g), and 14.5% fat (381.9 Kcals, 42.4 g). Animal fat intake is only 4.3 g/day (38.7 Kcals) which is 1.47% of the total energy intake. Although appears to be low, but it has a 157% increase if compared to the same value fifteen years before. Indonesian CHD mortality rate is still relatively low (below 50 per 100,000), however it is only a matter of time that the this value will soon increase in line with the increase of fat (especially animal fat) and total energy intakes. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 252-7)Keywords: Asia Pacific, Indonesia, menu pattern, energy, protein, fat, animal fat, mortality rate, cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease

ObjectivePrevious research has documented the high prevalence of food insecurity, or uncertain access to healthy foods, and poor dietary intake in emergency food pantry (EFP) users. However, no studies have determined whether there are differences in dietary intake when stratified by food security status within the EFP population. This study evaluated associations between food security status and the intake of key nutrients and food groups among EFP clients.Study Design, Setting and ParticipantsAdult EFP clients (n=445) from a multistate sample of 24 rural, Midwestern EFPs participated at a single time point from September–November 2014.Outcome Measures and AnalysisParticipants completed a characteristics survey, the 18‐item U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module, and up to three National Cancer Institute Automated Self‐Administered 24‐hour dietary recalls (ASA24s). Adult food security status, classified as food secure, low or very low food secure, was the independent variable while mean intake of energy, vitamins, minerals, and food groups were dependent variables. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for energy and other confounders were used to determine associations between food security status and nutrient/food group outcomes.ResultsLow adult food security was significantly positively associated with total energy (kcal) intake (β=245.81 p=0.02) compared with very low food security. Adult food security was significantly positively associated with whole fruit (cup equivalents) intake (β=0.17 p=0.04) compared with low food security.Conclusions and ImplicationsResults suggest that food security, low food security, and very low food security status may be specifically associated with the consumption of key food groups and therefore differences in dietary intake by food security range should be considered in the development of future initiatives that target this population.Support or Funding InformationThis project is supported by the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive grant no. 2013‐69004‐20401 of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Associations between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Total Energy, Carbohydrate, and Fat Intakes: A Systematic Review.

To examine associations between consumption of low-calorie sweetened beverages (LCSBs), sugar, and total energy intake in children in the United States. We used 24-hour dietary recalls from 7026 children enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011 to 2016 to assess energy and macronutrient intake among LCSB (≥4 oz LCSB, <4 oz SB), SB (≥4 oz SB, <4 oz LCSB), and LCSB + SB consumers (≥4 oz each) compared with water consumers (≥4 oz water, <4 oz LCSB and SBs). Sample weights and complex survey procedures were used for all analyses. Adjusting for body mass index (BMI) percentile, LCSB, SB, and LCSB + SB consumption was associated with 196, 312, and 450 more total calories and 15, 39, and 46 more grams of added sugar, which amounts to 60, 156, 184 more calories from added sugar, compared with water consumers (P < .05 for all pairwise comparisons). No differences in energy intake were observed between LCSB and SB consumers. [Correction added on 28 May 2019, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, quantities of added sugar reported are in grams. The corresponding calories have also been specified in this version.] CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the utility of LCSB for weight management in children and adolescents.

Food insecurity and cognitive function in older adults: Brief report

Habitual sleep variability, not sleep duration, is associated with caloric intake in adolescents