Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The natural probiotic kefir is fermented milk, and may have effects on satiety and voluntary energy intake. This randomized crossover trial aimed to determine whether kefir, consumed with low- or high-glycemic index meals, affects appetite and subsequent food intake. Methods This is a cross-sectional study with families of farmers who supplied Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar from 2011 to 2016 in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. To assess Food Insecurity, the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale was applied to the person responsible for purchasing and producing meals in the family. The nutritional aspect was analyzed through the measurement of hemoglobin to check for anemia among family members and using the household food availability survey, where it was possible to analyze the amount of calories available for consumption, as well as the origin and kind of food. Results 27 families were evaluated, totalizing 91 individuals. With the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, it was found that 25.9% of the families were in light food insecurty situation. When caloric availability was assessed, 11.0% of families were considered insecure. In contrast, 59.0% of families had high calorie availability per capita (>3000 calories). Of the total households, 14.8% had more than 50.0% of the calories available for consumption coming from their own production. The foods most commonly produced for self-consumption were fresh vegetables, which are the most common ones supplied to Programa Nacional de Alimentação. In addition, the main source of kilocalories for the families were fresh and minimally processed foods. The presence of anemia in at least 1 resident was detected in 29.6% of households, with a negative correlation between the hemoglobin value (g/dL) and the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar score. Conclusion It appears that the majority of the families of farmers supplying Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar are in a situation of Food and Nutritional Security, both by Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar and by the household availability of food. However, we cannot ignore the percentage of insecure families, since this situation can lead to other problems. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly assess the family situation of Fodd Insecurty and encourage production for self-consumption so that it contributes to food availability and quality. For this reason, the we highlight relevance of programs that strengthen the production and commercialization of food from family farming.
Highlights
Food and Nutritional Security (FNS), defined by Brazilian Law n. 11346/2006, comprises “the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity and without harming the access to other basic needs; it should be socially, culturally, economically, and environmentally sustainable” [1]
It appears that the majority of the families of farmers supplying Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar are in a situation of Food and Nutritional Security, both by Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar and by the household availability of food
While most families who supply Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) find themselves in a FNS situation, the percentage of insecure families should not be taken for granted
Summary
Food and Nutritional Security (FNS), defined by Brazilian Law n. 11346/2006, comprises “the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity and without harming the access to other basic needs; it should be socially, culturally, economically, and environmentally sustainable” [1]. Food and Nutritional Security (FNS), defined by Brazilian Law n. 11346/2006, comprises “the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity and without harming the access to other basic needs; it should be socially, culturally, economically, and environmentally sustainable” [1]. Considering the situation of Food Security (FS) in Brazil, the 2013 Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras por Domicílios (PNAD, National Household Sample Survey) analyzed 65,3 million private homes using the Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA, Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale). It detected severe Food Insecurity (FI) in 3.2% of the studied population, reflecting experiences of hunger during the investigated period. Most people in that condition were in rural areas, not in urban ones [3]
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