Foliar Blight of Annual Vinca (Catharanthus roseus) Caused by Phytophthora tropicalis in Virginia.

Abstract

Annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus), also known as Madagascar periwinkle, has been cultivated as a major color crop for landscape and as an herbal medicine. This plant performs well in dry, warm locations with full sun or partial shade. Two-month-old diseased plants (cv. First Kiss Blueberry) with blighted leaves and stems were received from a local nursery in Suffolk, VA in May 2009. The disease began with dark, greenish black lesions on young leaves. Lesions gradually became tan or brown and leaves wilted and curled and finally turned necrotic. Brown, sunken lesions beginning at the branching points were typical symptoms on blighted stems and shoots. Blighted areas and spots were approximately 30 to 90 mm long and 20 to 40 mm wide on leaves and 40 mm long on stems. A Phytophthora species previously unknown to attack this plant was consistently isolated from diseased leaves and stems, and resultant isolates were grown on PARP-V8 agar. These isolates produced papillate sporangia on umbellate sympodium. Sporangia were mostly ellipsoid with a length/breadth ratio of >1.8 and tapered base; they were caducous with a long pedicel (usually >50 μm). These isolates also produced chlamydospores that averaged 31 μm in diameter. The isolates were identified as Phytophthora tropicalis by morphology. The identity was confirmed by DNA fingerprinting (1) and sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (GenBank Accession No. GQ478707). For pathogenicity studies, a zoospore suspension of 1,100 spores per milliliter was sprayed onto the foliage of 50-day-old healthy plants of the same cultivar grown in pine bark medium in six 10-cm-diameter plastic containers with a hand mister in the evening until runoff. Control plants were sprayed with tap water. Plants were placed in a tray containing a small amount of water and enclosed in plastic tents overnight to facilitate infection. The tents were removed the following morning, and plants were kept in a greenhouse under natural light and watered as needed. Within 4 days, all six inoculated plants developed foliar symptoms similar to what was observed on the diseased plant samples from the production nursery. The pathogen was reisolated from infected leaves and stems and its identity was confirmed by colony PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (3). The pathogenicity test was repeated once with the same results. Phytophthora aerial blight is a common destructive disease of annual vinca, which is usually caused by P. nicotianae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of foliar blight caused by P. tropicalis on annual vinca in Virginia. According to the head grower who submitted the disease samples, this new disease caused 10% crop loss of annual vinca this past spring. P. tropicalis was previously reported to attack ornamental shrubs, including Pieris japonica and Rhododendron catawbiense (2). This study indicates that P. tropicalis could be a potential threat to herbaceous annual crops as well.