Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of foliar-applied iron nanoparticles (FeNPs, 100 mg L⁻¹) and ascorbic acid (AsA, 400 mg L⁻¹) on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant defense mechanisms of common beans under optimal (100% FC) and water-restricted (50% FC) conditions. Under drought stress, both FeNPs and AsA significantly alleviated the negative impacts of water deficit, improving plant height, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid accumulation. FeNPs increased chlorophyll a by 60% and carotenoid content by 83.5%, while AsA enhanced APX activity by 44.8%, demonstrating its role in reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, FeNPs boosted CAT and SOD activities by 198.2% and 17.3%, respectively. These treatments also significantly reduced MDA levels, with FeNPs-treated plants showing a 54.7% reduction compared to the control, indicating lower oxidative damage. This study is the first to use green-synthesized FeNPs in the context of global climate change, highlighting their potential in enhancing drought tolerance. Future research should explore the long-term effects of nanomaterials on human health and environmental safety.
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