Abstract
Abstract Focal chondral and subchondral injuries of the knee are increasingly recognized and treated pathologies. Many operative approaches to these injuries have been established, including both reparative and reconstructive procedures. More recently, biologic approaches such as platelet rich plasma, bone marrow aspirate concentrate, and stem cells have been studied as potential adjuncts following joint preserving procedures. However, outcomes of biologic injections are mixed and evolving, which may partially be due to the underappreciated role of the subchondral bone in regulating the physiologic response of cartilage to stresses. The current review provides a comprehensive synopsis of the current literature with regards to the use of intra-articular biologics following cartilage preservation surgery as well as the use of biologics in treating subchondral and bone marrow lesions.
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