Fluid intake patterns of adults: results of six Liq.In7 national cross-sectional surveys

Abstract

AbstractDietary patterns provide valuable information for the development of public health policies. Despite increasing interest in the role of fluids in health and disease there are limited data on drinking patterns in adults. The aim of this analysis was to identify and characterize patterns of fluid intake in adults in cross-sectional surveys in China, Indonesia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay.Data on fluid intake volume and type amongst 8159 adults (46% male) were collected using a validated 7-day fluid specific record (Liq.In7). A cluster analysis (partitioning around k-medoids algorithm) was used to identify relatively distinct clusters of subjects based on eight fluid types (water, milk and its derivatives, hot beverages (HB), sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), 100% fruit juices, artificial/non-nutritive sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages, other beverages). Subjects were categorized according to total daily fluid intake as low (< 1500 mL/d), medium (> 1500- < 3000mL/d), high (> 3000mL- < 4000mL/d) or very high (> 4000mL/d). The clusters were characterized according to country of residence, socio-demographics and lifestyle factors.The eight interpretable clusters identified were: (1) low drinkers – SSB (n = 2450), (2) low drinkers – HB (n = 1589), (3) medium drinkers - water (n = 1306), (4) medium drinkers – HB and SSB (n = 892), (5) medium drinkers - SSB (n = 262), (6) high drinkers – water (n = 817), (7) high drinkers – water & SSB (n = 313) and (8) very high drinkers – water (n = 530). Country of residence was the dominant characteristic in all clusters. In cluster #1 34% of subjects were resident in Mexico (v test 21), 43% of cluster #2 lived in China (v test 21.4). 47% of cluster #4 lived in Argentina (v test 24.2) with 30% living in Uruguay (v test 19.7), (v test 8). Cluster #3 was characterized by residence in Indonesia (v test 23.6) as were clusters #6 (v test 28.5), cluster #7 (v test 8.2) and cluster #8 (v test 24.5). To a lesser extent cluster #7 (high drinkers – water & SSB) was characterised by residence in Mexico (v test 3.6). In cluster #5, 51% and 30% lived in Mexico and Argentina, respectively; with 60% of this cluster being male.Fluid intake patterns (clusters) varied according to the different countries. This information highlights the need to tailor interventions aimed at improving fluid intake behaviour and health to the specific adult populations.